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Biotechnology Lab
Biotechnology Lab

... Maybe the temperature for the heat shock was too high, and we killed the bacteriaX Maybe we heat shocked for too long Maybe we didn’t return the bacteria to the ice quick ...
Origin and Nature of Genetic Variation
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... does not always result in a visible change. n  Mutations may change the DNA but not the amino acid n  That mutations MAY result in a change in the PHENOTYPE of an organism, but not always. n  Think-Pair-Share n  WHY ...
Metzenberg, R.L. and J. Grotelueschen
Metzenberg, R.L. and J. Grotelueschen

... 1985. 82:2067-2071; Metzenberg and Grotelueschen, 1987. Fungal Genetics Newsl. 34:3944). The following data include the previous scorings of two crosses from the 1987 article and contains new data on the same two crosses from our own lab, and from others. As noted in the 1987 article, 38 segregants ...
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Structure of cloned δ-globin genes from a normal subject and a
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... Gene M utations affect a single gene by changing its base sequence, resulting in an incorrect, or nonfunctional, protein being made. (a) A SUBST I T U T I O N mutation, occurs where one nucleotide base is replaced by another. These are often called ³point mutatLRQV´, because a single base is changed ...
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... generates genetic variation via various mechanisms. 3C.3a.1: Viruses have highly efficient replicative capacities that allow for rapid evolution and acquisition of new phenotypes. 3C.3a.5: Related viruses can combine/recombine information if they infect the same host cell. 3C.3b: The reproductive cy ...
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2008 exam with answers

... Short explanation: You don’t need to remove primer, so you don’t need the 5’ to 3’ exo of enzyme X. You do need a heat resistant DNA polymerase, which enzyme X has Long explanation; There is no discontinuous synthesis in PCR; there are no lagging strands (or replication forks). The DNA template is c ...
幻灯片 1 - University of Texas at Austin
幻灯片 1 - University of Texas at Austin

... throughout all species of plants, animals and microorganisms, each individual organism looks different. •This is due to the order in which DNA base pairs are sequenced. •Not only does this order make you a human rather than a dog or a daffodil, it also makes each person unique. •Sequences of DNA dif ...
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Nucleic acid analogue



Nucleic acid analogues are compounds which are analogous (structurally similar) to naturally occurring RNA and DNA, used in medicine and in molecular biology research.Nucleic acids are chains of nucleotides, which are composed of three parts: a phosphate backbone, a pucker-shaped pentose sugar, either ribose or deoxyribose, and one of four nucleobases.An analogue may have any of these altered. Typically the analogue nucleobases confer, among other things, different base pairing and base stacking properties. Examples include universal bases, which can pair with all four canonical bases, and phosphate-sugar backbone analogues such as PNA, which affect the properties of the chain (PNA can even form a triple helix).Nucleic acid analogues are also called Xeno Nucleic Acid and represent one of the main pillars of xenobiology, the design of new-to-nature forms of life based on alternative biochemistries.Artificial nucleic acids include peptide nucleic acid (PNA), Morpholino and locked nucleic acid (LNA), as well as glycol nucleic acid (GNA) and threose nucleic acid (TNA). Each of these is distinguished from naturally occurring DNA or RNA by changes to the backbone of the molecule.In May 2014, researchers announced that they had successfully introduced two new artificial nucleotides into bacterial DNA, and by including individual artificial nucleotides in the culture media, were able to passage the bacteria 24 times; they did not create mRNA or proteins able to use the artificial nucleotides. The artificial nucleotides featured 2 fused aromatic rings.
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