what shapes an ecosystem?
... Organisms in an ecosystem have to compete with each other for available resources: space/territory http://www.elise.com/weblog/photos/prairie-dogs.jpg ...
... Organisms in an ecosystem have to compete with each other for available resources: space/territory http://www.elise.com/weblog/photos/prairie-dogs.jpg ...
Examining food webs and trophic dynamics across a stream
... extremely sensitive to changes in inputs of organic matter, since most streams have detritus based food webs. For example, the exclusion of leaf litter from a detritus-based food web can be detrimental to a vertebrate predator by reducing prey availability (Johnson & Wallace, 2005). This bottom up c ...
... extremely sensitive to changes in inputs of organic matter, since most streams have detritus based food webs. For example, the exclusion of leaf litter from a detritus-based food web can be detrimental to a vertebrate predator by reducing prey availability (Johnson & Wallace, 2005). This bottom up c ...
Functional over-redundancy and high functional vulnerability in
... functional space. Therefore, the ninefold gradient in fish richness across faunas translates into only a threefold gradient in terms of FE diversity. The most striking example is provided by the Central Pacific fish fauna, which fills nearly the same amount of functional space as the richest fauna o ...
... functional space. Therefore, the ninefold gradient in fish richness across faunas translates into only a threefold gradient in terms of FE diversity. The most striking example is provided by the Central Pacific fish fauna, which fills nearly the same amount of functional space as the richest fauna o ...
landscape composition, patch size, and distance to edges
... Hokit and Branch (2003) reviewed literature on a variety of plant and vertebrate taxa and found that there was usually, although not always, a positive association between patch size and either reproductive success or survival. They mentioned that organisms in smaller patches may be susceptible to e ...
... Hokit and Branch (2003) reviewed literature on a variety of plant and vertebrate taxa and found that there was usually, although not always, a positive association between patch size and either reproductive success or survival. They mentioned that organisms in smaller patches may be susceptible to e ...
Soil water content and emergence time control seedling
... Each recruitment stage (seed germination, seedling emergence, and seedling survival) was modelled independently as function of abiotic factors (light, soil water content, and soil compaction) and seed mass. In this demographic sequence, germination was analysed for all sowed acorns, excluding those ...
... Each recruitment stage (seed germination, seedling emergence, and seedling survival) was modelled independently as function of abiotic factors (light, soil water content, and soil compaction) and seed mass. In this demographic sequence, germination was analysed for all sowed acorns, excluding those ...
Basic and Applied Ecology
... A current goal in ecology is to elucidate the relative roles of primary and secondary consumers versus plant resources in determining community structure and dynamics. The complexity and diversity of terrestrial communities has been hypothesized to strongly influence the strength of these topdown an ...
... A current goal in ecology is to elucidate the relative roles of primary and secondary consumers versus plant resources in determining community structure and dynamics. The complexity and diversity of terrestrial communities has been hypothesized to strongly influence the strength of these topdown an ...
Wytham publications - Bodleian Libraries
... Farm at Wytham. Ann.Rep.Ashmol.Mus. 1977-8, Pl.3, p.22. ASKEW,R.R. (1958). Harpiphorus lepidus Klug (Hym., Tenthredinidae) in Berkshire. Ent.Mon.Mag. 94:203. ASKEW,R.R. (1959). A revision of the British species of the genus Olynx Forster (Hym., Eulophidae). Ent.Mon.Mag. 95:49-57. ASKEW,R.R. (1959). ...
... Farm at Wytham. Ann.Rep.Ashmol.Mus. 1977-8, Pl.3, p.22. ASKEW,R.R. (1958). Harpiphorus lepidus Klug (Hym., Tenthredinidae) in Berkshire. Ent.Mon.Mag. 94:203. ASKEW,R.R. (1959). A revision of the British species of the genus Olynx Forster (Hym., Eulophidae). Ent.Mon.Mag. 95:49-57. ASKEW,R.R. (1959). ...
10/4/06 version
... Inductive versus deductive ................................................................................................. 3 ...
... Inductive versus deductive ................................................................................................. 3 ...
Introduction Poaceae (R.Br.) Barnh. is the fourth
... authors identified five types of grass covers for the country and also listed out the forest types whose physical boundaries coincide with these grass covers. The authors also argued that the grasslands of India are edaphic rather than vegetational climaxes and that they are perpetuated through cont ...
... authors identified five types of grass covers for the country and also listed out the forest types whose physical boundaries coincide with these grass covers. The authors also argued that the grasslands of India are edaphic rather than vegetational climaxes and that they are perpetuated through cont ...
Plant invasions – the role of mutualisms
... (contrasting the behaviour of the same species under different conditions, or different species in the same area), and, most recently, from modelling studies (e.g. Higgins & Richardson, 1998). Despite the progress, invasions are still irritatingly idiosyncratic ; ...
... (contrasting the behaviour of the same species under different conditions, or different species in the same area), and, most recently, from modelling studies (e.g. Higgins & Richardson, 1998). Despite the progress, invasions are still irritatingly idiosyncratic ; ...
Limnol. Oceanogr., 44(3, part 2), 1999, 950–97
... (e.g., Carpenter and Kitchell 1988; Power 1990). We therefore surmise that analysis of fish and plants provides a view of the best available impact data for Chesapeake Bay and elsewhere and includes taxa that are among the most likely to have significant, detectable impacts. For both analyses, we in ...
... (e.g., Carpenter and Kitchell 1988; Power 1990). We therefore surmise that analysis of fish and plants provides a view of the best available impact data for Chesapeake Bay and elsewhere and includes taxa that are among the most likely to have significant, detectable impacts. For both analyses, we in ...
Rusty Crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) - GB non
... to find species and habitats for its survival almost anywhere in GB although they do need permanent water all year round. In North America, typically this species is transported through live bait fisheries into new watersheds and once established is able to expand its range through connecting waterw ...
... to find species and habitats for its survival almost anywhere in GB although they do need permanent water all year round. In North America, typically this species is transported through live bait fisheries into new watersheds and once established is able to expand its range through connecting waterw ...
Coexistence under positive frequency dependence Jane Molofsky , James D. Bever
... dispersal is always strictly proportional to the number of each species in the local neighbourhood (we assume no decline in dispersal with distance). In order to investigate the e¡ect of the changing scale of interspeci¢c interactions and dispersal, we constructed general rules that are scale neutra ...
... dispersal is always strictly proportional to the number of each species in the local neighbourhood (we assume no decline in dispersal with distance). In order to investigate the e¡ect of the changing scale of interspeci¢c interactions and dispersal, we constructed general rules that are scale neutra ...
Ostracoda and Amphibia in temporary ponds: who is the prey
... observed in the experiments was because of predation by Ostracods, confirming our field observations. Freshwater ostracods usually prey small invertebrates (Deschiens et al. 1953; Deschiens 1954; Cohen 1982; Cohen and Kornicker 1987; Janz 1992). Although swarms of freshwater ostracods on larger anim ...
... observed in the experiments was because of predation by Ostracods, confirming our field observations. Freshwater ostracods usually prey small invertebrates (Deschiens et al. 1953; Deschiens 1954; Cohen 1982; Cohen and Kornicker 1987; Janz 1992). Although swarms of freshwater ostracods on larger anim ...
15_Bos_Pg 245
... Davao Gulf, the Philippines, between October 2007 and January 2009. Polyps of Paracorynactis hoplites preyed mainly on echinoderms. Predation on seven species of echinoderms was observed in the field (four asteroids, two echinoids and one holothurian); an additional ten species were accepted during ...
... Davao Gulf, the Philippines, between October 2007 and January 2009. Polyps of Paracorynactis hoplites preyed mainly on echinoderms. Predation on seven species of echinoderms was observed in the field (four asteroids, two echinoids and one holothurian); an additional ten species were accepted during ...
current status and future challenges
... adaptation, fewer studies have tested for this directly with reciprocal transplant experiments along elevation gradients. For example, Leger et al. (2009) found evidence that genetic differentiation in traits related to germination and seedling survival resulted in local adaptation of Bromus tectoru ...
... adaptation, fewer studies have tested for this directly with reciprocal transplant experiments along elevation gradients. For example, Leger et al. (2009) found evidence that genetic differentiation in traits related to germination and seedling survival resulted in local adaptation of Bromus tectoru ...
Gibb and Hochuli 2004 - Department of Biological Science
... accounted for individual workers of all species of Iridomyrmex other than I. purpureus, was used for all analyses as no single species of Iridomyrmex was found at 50% of sites. While this effectively lumped some species that might compete with one another (see Fox et al. 1985), the diversity and var ...
... accounted for individual workers of all species of Iridomyrmex other than I. purpureus, was used for all analyses as no single species of Iridomyrmex was found at 50% of sites. While this effectively lumped some species that might compete with one another (see Fox et al. 1985), the diversity and var ...
Quantifying and interpreting functional diversity of natural communities
... combination of a set of specifically selected traits, such as those that incorporate different ecological strategies (e.g. Grime 2001, Westoby 1998) or ad hoc defined response groups. The characterization of functional diversity in terms of several traits could be applied also when we know that vari ...
... combination of a set of specifically selected traits, such as those that incorporate different ecological strategies (e.g. Grime 2001, Westoby 1998) or ad hoc defined response groups. The characterization of functional diversity in terms of several traits could be applied also when we know that vari ...
Refuges, Biological Disturbance, and Rocky Subtidal Community Structure in New... Author(s): Jon D. Witman
... Cluster analysis was used to classify species into groups with similar patterns of distribution. Species density data were input as a two-way data matrix consisting of 80 species (rows) x 30 samples (columns) into the CLUSTAN 2.1 computer program (Wishart 1982). The matrix analyzed was a subset of t ...
... Cluster analysis was used to classify species into groups with similar patterns of distribution. Species density data were input as a two-way data matrix consisting of 80 species (rows) x 30 samples (columns) into the CLUSTAN 2.1 computer program (Wishart 1982). The matrix analyzed was a subset of t ...
Stable isotopes as trophic tracers: combining field sampling and
... Herman et al. (1999) have argued that food availability is an important factor limiting estuarine macrobenthic biomass. Over a range of estuarine systems, a good predictive relation exists between primary productivity and macrobenthic biomass at the scale of the system. As microphytobenthic producti ...
... Herman et al. (1999) have argued that food availability is an important factor limiting estuarine macrobenthic biomass. Over a range of estuarine systems, a good predictive relation exists between primary productivity and macrobenthic biomass at the scale of the system. As microphytobenthic producti ...
Effects of habitat loss, habitat fragmentation, and isolation on the
... abundant native and exotic species of coccinellids, abundance data were analysed using spatial regression models, based on a second-order neighbourhood criterion (i.e. all eight 2 × 2 m cells around the target cell are considered in the model). This procedure takes into account the possibility that ...
... abundant native and exotic species of coccinellids, abundance data were analysed using spatial regression models, based on a second-order neighbourhood criterion (i.e. all eight 2 × 2 m cells around the target cell are considered in the model). This procedure takes into account the possibility that ...
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in angiosperm
... The biological variation in nature is called biodiversity. Anthropogenic pressures have led to a loss of biodiversity, alarming scientists as to what consequences declining diversity has for ecosystem functioning. The general consensus is that diversity (e.g. species richness or identity) affects fu ...
... The biological variation in nature is called biodiversity. Anthropogenic pressures have led to a loss of biodiversity, alarming scientists as to what consequences declining diversity has for ecosystem functioning. The general consensus is that diversity (e.g. species richness or identity) affects fu ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.