Models of Extinction: A Review
... than a realistic theory. At the other end of the scale, an increasing number of biologists and ecologists are supporting the idea that extinction has biotic causes—that extinction is a natural part of the dynamics of ecosystems and would take place regardless of any stresses arising from the environ ...
... than a realistic theory. At the other end of the scale, an increasing number of biologists and ecologists are supporting the idea that extinction has biotic causes—that extinction is a natural part of the dynamics of ecosystems and would take place regardless of any stresses arising from the environ ...
ppt檔案 - 國立臺南大學
... Fewer number and size of spots Reduced diversity of patterns As predation decreases Colors and patterns become more conspicuous to attract ...
... Fewer number and size of spots Reduced diversity of patterns As predation decreases Colors and patterns become more conspicuous to attract ...
Diet composition of wolves (Canis lupus) on the Scandinavian
... OLSSON et al. (1997) and ØSTRENG (2000). The data published by ØSTRENG (2000) was also collected within a SKANDULV research project. Therefore the dataset was included into our study to provide more detailed information on the diet of wolves in Norwegian territories. The aim of this study was to des ...
... OLSSON et al. (1997) and ØSTRENG (2000). The data published by ØSTRENG (2000) was also collected within a SKANDULV research project. Therefore the dataset was included into our study to provide more detailed information on the diet of wolves in Norwegian territories. The aim of this study was to des ...
Importance of biogenic substrates for the stone crab
... of refuge sites at the millimeter scale, as well as food availability (e.g., other small-sized invertebrates and algae), and to minimize competition with larger crabs for available resources. Furthermore, the smaller proportion of juveniles of M. nodifrons recorded on rocks may be a consequence of a ...
... of refuge sites at the millimeter scale, as well as food availability (e.g., other small-sized invertebrates and algae), and to minimize competition with larger crabs for available resources. Furthermore, the smaller proportion of juveniles of M. nodifrons recorded on rocks may be a consequence of a ...
Invasive ants alter the phylogenetic structure on native communities
... foraging efficiency (see Davidson, 1998 for a review). Behaviourally dominant ant species can displace behaviourally subordinate ant species at transient food resources. They do so by use of overt aggression, which leads to submissive behaviour, and usually escape, by the subordinate species. Early ...
... foraging efficiency (see Davidson, 1998 for a review). Behaviourally dominant ant species can displace behaviourally subordinate ant species at transient food resources. They do so by use of overt aggression, which leads to submissive behaviour, and usually escape, by the subordinate species. Early ...
Resources
... (Production of the first sample on the first machine do not efficiently - c11 = 0, the second estimated efficiency c12 = 10, ..., manufacturing efficiency quadruple sample estimated in the fourth machine c44 = 20). Create the most efficient plan for product manufacturing. Task 16. According to the p ...
... (Production of the first sample on the first machine do not efficiently - c11 = 0, the second estimated efficiency c12 = 10, ..., manufacturing efficiency quadruple sample estimated in the fourth machine c44 = 20). Create the most efficient plan for product manufacturing. Task 16. According to the p ...
An African grassland responds similarly to long
... One of the ways to minimize priority effects is to conduct long-term experiments. Longterm experiments of rigorous statistical design that have manipulated many of the major nutrients known to be most limiting to plants are rare [6–11]. The longest-running experiment still being conducted is the Par ...
... One of the ways to minimize priority effects is to conduct long-term experiments. Longterm experiments of rigorous statistical design that have manipulated many of the major nutrients known to be most limiting to plants are rare [6–11]. The longest-running experiment still being conducted is the Par ...
The Role of Waterlogging in Maintaining Forb
... final year of the experiment were analyzed with a twoway nested ANOVA considering site and drainage treatment our main effects, with plots nested within site and drainage treatment using JMP, version 3.1 ...
... final year of the experiment were analyzed with a twoway nested ANOVA considering site and drainage treatment our main effects, with plots nested within site and drainage treatment using JMP, version 3.1 ...
Life in the Aftermath of Mass Extinctions
... turn, species and ecosystems — over timescales typical of the geosphere, often many thousands to millions of years. Earth system succession provides a general explanation for the pattern and timing of ecological and evolutionary change in the fossil record. Importantly, it also suggests that a speed ...
... turn, species and ecosystems — over timescales typical of the geosphere, often many thousands to millions of years. Earth system succession provides a general explanation for the pattern and timing of ecological and evolutionary change in the fossil record. Importantly, it also suggests that a speed ...
The Predation of Wild Birds in the UK
... then, a fact of life. Generally speaking, the numbers of predators and prey remain in some sort of balance. If we were able to travel forwards in time to the UK countryside of 20, 40 or 60 years hence and if, and it’s a big if, the countryside were generally similar in nature, we would expect to see ...
... then, a fact of life. Generally speaking, the numbers of predators and prey remain in some sort of balance. If we were able to travel forwards in time to the UK countryside of 20, 40 or 60 years hence and if, and it’s a big if, the countryside were generally similar in nature, we would expect to see ...
Chapter 8 Diversity and ecosystem function Jan Lepš Dr. Jan Lepš
... It is clear that the whole complexity of distribution of importance values among species in a community cannot be described by a single parameter. In a graphical form, the species structure of a community is probably best described by the so-called dominance-diversity curves (also called rank/abunda ...
... It is clear that the whole complexity of distribution of importance values among species in a community cannot be described by a single parameter. In a graphical form, the species structure of a community is probably best described by the so-called dominance-diversity curves (also called rank/abunda ...
"SPOTTED HYENAS: MISUNDERSTOOD INDICATORS OFF
... how sympatric mammal species can be expected to respond, including more specialised carnivores such as big cats or Wild dogs. Because my students and I have been monitoring Spotted hyenas in the Mara for over 22 years, we are in the unique position of being able to use our archived data to inquire w ...
... how sympatric mammal species can be expected to respond, including more specialised carnivores such as big cats or Wild dogs. Because my students and I have been monitoring Spotted hyenas in the Mara for over 22 years, we are in the unique position of being able to use our archived data to inquire w ...
An introduction to microevolution: rate, pattern, process
... rodent populations. They conclude that the observed changes are best explained by natural selection, and that rates of evolution are higher on smaller and more remote islands. Bone and Farres (2001) review rates of microevolution in plants, concluding that evolution can be sustained under artificial ...
... rodent populations. They conclude that the observed changes are best explained by natural selection, and that rates of evolution are higher on smaller and more remote islands. Bone and Farres (2001) review rates of microevolution in plants, concluding that evolution can be sustained under artificial ...
Silvicultural Systems for Mixedwood Management
... Selection of an appropriate system – based on starting stand characteristics, stand and forest level objectives Need to keep TIME and SUCCESSION in mind Mixedwood stands are mid-successional (take time to develop and have a natural tendancy to move on to spruce in time) (it may take 2 or 3 cyles o ...
... Selection of an appropriate system – based on starting stand characteristics, stand and forest level objectives Need to keep TIME and SUCCESSION in mind Mixedwood stands are mid-successional (take time to develop and have a natural tendancy to move on to spruce in time) (it may take 2 or 3 cyles o ...
from uba.ar - Biblioteca Digital de la Facultad de Ciencias
... found in the pellets we follow Feito et al. (1981), classifying prey as juveniles, young adults, or old adults. The individuals with unworn down teeth were assumed to be juveniles, those with scarce or medium wearing of teeth were assumed to be young adults, and those with well-worn teeth were assum ...
... found in the pellets we follow Feito et al. (1981), classifying prey as juveniles, young adults, or old adults. The individuals with unworn down teeth were assumed to be juveniles, those with scarce or medium wearing of teeth were assumed to be young adults, and those with well-worn teeth were assum ...
Chapter 2 Morphometric measurement selection: an invertebrate case study
... sufficient for the conservation of the Ectemnorhinus species. Similarly, it is also not clear whether Ectemnorhinus populations on the two islands represent either a single species or a complex of species (Chown 1990, 1991). As a consequence, a detailed population level study, based on an integrated ...
... sufficient for the conservation of the Ectemnorhinus species. Similarly, it is also not clear whether Ectemnorhinus populations on the two islands represent either a single species or a complex of species (Chown 1990, 1991). As a consequence, a detailed population level study, based on an integrated ...
Fish and amphibians as bat predators
... Although bats (Chiroptera) belong to the most diverse mammalian orders, study of diversity of their natural predators has been seriously neglected for a long time. While some recent reviews contain comprehensive overviews of our recent knowledge on these phenomena for some animal groups, such work i ...
... Although bats (Chiroptera) belong to the most diverse mammalian orders, study of diversity of their natural predators has been seriously neglected for a long time. While some recent reviews contain comprehensive overviews of our recent knowledge on these phenomena for some animal groups, such work i ...
Niche and metabolic principles explain patterns of diversity and
... complex environmental variation, covarying changes in communities, and lack of baseline and null theories to differentiate straightforward causes from more complex mechanisms. To address these limitations, we developed general diversity theory integrating metabolic principles with niche-based commun ...
... complex environmental variation, covarying changes in communities, and lack of baseline and null theories to differentiate straightforward causes from more complex mechanisms. To address these limitations, we developed general diversity theory integrating metabolic principles with niche-based commun ...
Cohabitation promotes high diversity of clownfishes in the Coral
... Triangle [16,17]. The Coral Triangle only covers a surface area of 3% of the tropical Indo-West and Central Pacific, but contains 52% of its total reef fish species [17]. Cohabitation has been observed within [18,19] and between coral reef fish families [20] and if cohabitation facilitates high spec ...
... Triangle [16,17]. The Coral Triangle only covers a surface area of 3% of the tropical Indo-West and Central Pacific, but contains 52% of its total reef fish species [17]. Cohabitation has been observed within [18,19] and between coral reef fish families [20] and if cohabitation facilitates high spec ...
Invasion Ecology of Acer platanoides in an Old
... potentially with cascading effects. Consequences of invasives include but are not limited to loss of native flora and fauna (Wilcove et al. 1998), shifts in ecosystem processes (e.g. productivity, decomposition, hydrology, and soil nutrient dynamics; Vitousek et al. 1997, Corbin and D’Antonio 2004), ...
... potentially with cascading effects. Consequences of invasives include but are not limited to loss of native flora and fauna (Wilcove et al. 1998), shifts in ecosystem processes (e.g. productivity, decomposition, hydrology, and soil nutrient dynamics; Vitousek et al. 1997, Corbin and D’Antonio 2004), ...
international standards for the practice of ecological restoration
... been degraded, adjusted as necessary to accommodate changed or predicted biotic or environmental conditions. The use of such reference models in ecological restoration does not signify in any way an attempt to immobilize an ecological community at some point in time, but rather to optimize potential ...
... been degraded, adjusted as necessary to accommodate changed or predicted biotic or environmental conditions. The use of such reference models in ecological restoration does not signify in any way an attempt to immobilize an ecological community at some point in time, but rather to optimize potential ...
Relative importance of resource quantity, isolation and habitat
... occur north of our study area (50 km from the most northern population of our study region). This is also the northern distribution limit of H. comosa (Hennenberg and Bruelheide 2003). There is a gap of at least 30 km with no populations of P. coridon to the east and west of the study region, while ...
... occur north of our study area (50 km from the most northern population of our study region). This is also the northern distribution limit of H. comosa (Hennenberg and Bruelheide 2003). There is a gap of at least 30 km with no populations of P. coridon to the east and west of the study region, while ...
Chapter 22
... reproduction – That results from the interaction between individuals that vary in heritable traits and their environment ...
... reproduction – That results from the interaction between individuals that vary in heritable traits and their environment ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.