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... outside the limits of a normal test population (3·standard deviation) as Philp (2001) described. Diversity is also a precondition for trade and communication. If production and consumption would be the same everywhere, there would be no economic life. If we would have all the same perceptions and id ...
... outside the limits of a normal test population (3·standard deviation) as Philp (2001) described. Diversity is also a precondition for trade and communication. If production and consumption would be the same everywhere, there would be no economic life. If we would have all the same perceptions and id ...
Back to the sea: secondary marine organisms
... of t h r world. the world map was divided into 15 x 15 degrees of latitude/longitudc squares (288 squares in all, see Fig. 1). The area north of 30" N was defined as northern: that between 30 N and 3 0 s as tropical, and that south of 30LS,as southern. A special attention was paid to the bands compr ...
... of t h r world. the world map was divided into 15 x 15 degrees of latitude/longitudc squares (288 squares in all, see Fig. 1). The area north of 30" N was defined as northern: that between 30 N and 3 0 s as tropical, and that south of 30LS,as southern. A special attention was paid to the bands compr ...
Potential problems of removing one invasive species at a time
... Porter-Whitaker et al., 2012; Meza-Lopez & Siemann, 2015). Interactions between these co-occurring invaders are of superlative interest for wildlife management because managers can often only control or eradicate a single invasive species at a time (Glen et al., 2013). Without prior knowledge of inv ...
... Porter-Whitaker et al., 2012; Meza-Lopez & Siemann, 2015). Interactions between these co-occurring invaders are of superlative interest for wildlife management because managers can often only control or eradicate a single invasive species at a time (Glen et al., 2013). Without prior knowledge of inv ...
The Concept of Organisms as Ecosystem Engineers Ten Years On
... general hypotheses about the functioning of open, multicausal, contingent ecological systems than are concepts focused purely on net effects. A final controversy surrounding ecosystem engineering relates to the evolutionary rather than the ecological realm. The interesting and potentially important ...
... general hypotheses about the functioning of open, multicausal, contingent ecological systems than are concepts focused purely on net effects. A final controversy surrounding ecosystem engineering relates to the evolutionary rather than the ecological realm. The interesting and potentially important ...
Space race functional responses - Proceedings of the Royal Society B
... types observed in empirical studies, we can identify three nonlinear cases. (i) Decelerating predator emigration and density-independent prey emigration produce a nonlinear prey-dependent functional response (figure 2b). The consumption rate is initially decelerating but converges back towards linea ...
... types observed in empirical studies, we can identify three nonlinear cases. (i) Decelerating predator emigration and density-independent prey emigration produce a nonlinear prey-dependent functional response (figure 2b). The consumption rate is initially decelerating but converges back towards linea ...
rainforest restoration - Ministry of Environment and Forests
... 3. The importance of an ample recovery in species composition cannot be overstated in restoration. All functional species groups must be represented if a restored ecosystem is to maintain itself. 4. Many cultural ecosystems have suffered from demographic growth and external pressures of various ki ...
... 3. The importance of an ample recovery in species composition cannot be overstated in restoration. All functional species groups must be represented if a restored ecosystem is to maintain itself. 4. Many cultural ecosystems have suffered from demographic growth and external pressures of various ki ...
Empirical Evidence for the Scale Dependence of Biotic Interactions
... facilitation, are important determinants of species distributions only at small spatial scales (i.e., fine grains) where direct interspecific interactions occur (Shmida & Wilson, 1985; Whittaker et al., 2001; Cavender-Bares et al., 2009; McGill, 2010). At coarser grains, other processes such as disp ...
... facilitation, are important determinants of species distributions only at small spatial scales (i.e., fine grains) where direct interspecific interactions occur (Shmida & Wilson, 1985; Whittaker et al., 2001; Cavender-Bares et al., 2009; McGill, 2010). At coarser grains, other processes such as disp ...
Historical contingency in species interactions: towards nichebased
... nectar of M. aurantiacus at the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve in the Santa Cruz Mountains of California (Belisle et al. 2012; Peay et al. 2012). Colonies formed by these species are morphologically distinguishable on yeast media agar (YMA; Difco, Sparks, MD, USA) and cell morphology is also easil ...
... nectar of M. aurantiacus at the Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve in the Santa Cruz Mountains of California (Belisle et al. 2012; Peay et al. 2012). Colonies formed by these species are morphologically distinguishable on yeast media agar (YMA; Difco, Sparks, MD, USA) and cell morphology is also easil ...
Ecological Society of America - Wentworth Group of Concerned
... In historical records there is a bias for and against the inclusion of certain species in the lists, the geographical location of surveys is changing through time and the mean search effort is changing through time (Franklin 1999). Because of violation of these assumptions associated with the use o ...
... In historical records there is a bias for and against the inclusion of certain species in the lists, the geographical location of surveys is changing through time and the mean search effort is changing through time (Franklin 1999). Because of violation of these assumptions associated with the use o ...
The Concept of Organisms as Ecosystem Engineers Ten Years On
... general hypotheses about the functioning of open, multicausal, contingent ecological systems than are concepts focused purely on net effects. A final controversy surrounding ecosystem engineering relates to the evolutionary rather than the ecological realm. The interesting and potentially important ...
... general hypotheses about the functioning of open, multicausal, contingent ecological systems than are concepts focused purely on net effects. A final controversy surrounding ecosystem engineering relates to the evolutionary rather than the ecological realm. The interesting and potentially important ...
Fisheries catches and the carrying capacity of marine ecosystems in
... The carrying capacity of marine shelf ecosystems in southern Brazil for harvestable species is analyzed by (1) quantifying the amount of available primary production appropriated by ®sheries catches, (2) evaluating the trend in the mean trophic level of ®sheries, and (3) simulating the ecosystem eff ...
... The carrying capacity of marine shelf ecosystems in southern Brazil for harvestable species is analyzed by (1) quantifying the amount of available primary production appropriated by ®sheries catches, (2) evaluating the trend in the mean trophic level of ®sheries, and (3) simulating the ecosystem eff ...
Community-wide distribution of predator–prey interaction strength in
... he strength of interactions among species within natural communities varies greatly (1–3). Understanding how these strengths are distributed in ecological communities is crucial if we are to understand the keystone role that many predators play in the structure and dynamics of these communities (4, ...
... he strength of interactions among species within natural communities varies greatly (1–3). Understanding how these strengths are distributed in ecological communities is crucial if we are to understand the keystone role that many predators play in the structure and dynamics of these communities (4, ...
Species–energy relationships and habitat complexity in bird
... attempts to explain this pattern, and assumes that areas with greater food resources support more individuals, and that communities with more individuals include more species. Using a large dataset for North American birds, I tested these predictions of the MIH, and also examined the effect of habit ...
... attempts to explain this pattern, and assumes that areas with greater food resources support more individuals, and that communities with more individuals include more species. Using a large dataset for North American birds, I tested these predictions of the MIH, and also examined the effect of habit ...
Perspectives in restoration of biodiversity and ecosystem services in
... Enhancement of prey birds for rodent control ...
... Enhancement of prey birds for rodent control ...
Habitat filtering by landscape and local forest composition in native
... anthropogenic disturbance and habitat availability. In addition, native and exotic species overlapped little in a multivariate functional space based on 10 life history traits associated with habitat selection. Hence, habitat segregation patterns were probably mediated more by environmental filterin ...
... anthropogenic disturbance and habitat availability. In addition, native and exotic species overlapped little in a multivariate functional space based on 10 life history traits associated with habitat selection. Hence, habitat segregation patterns were probably mediated more by environmental filterin ...
What is an apex predator?
... Large ‘apex’ predators influence ecosystems in profound ways, by limiting the density of their prey and controlling smaller ‘mesopredators’. The loss of apex predators from much of their range has lead to a global outbreak of mesopredators, a process known as ‘mesopredator release’ that increases pre ...
... Large ‘apex’ predators influence ecosystems in profound ways, by limiting the density of their prey and controlling smaller ‘mesopredators’. The loss of apex predators from much of their range has lead to a global outbreak of mesopredators, a process known as ‘mesopredator release’ that increases pre ...
Caribbean Islands Biodiversity Hotspot
... freshwater habitats, including rivers, streams, lakes, wetlands and underground karst networks. In addition to providing habitat for many important, unique and migratory animals and plants, these freshwater sites provide clean water, food, hydroelectricity and many other services to local communitie ...
... freshwater habitats, including rivers, streams, lakes, wetlands and underground karst networks. In addition to providing habitat for many important, unique and migratory animals and plants, these freshwater sites provide clean water, food, hydroelectricity and many other services to local communitie ...
Competitive Ability and Species Coexistence: A `Plant`s
... punchesenoughto avoida knockout.Twoboxerstherefore, may deliverthe same intensityof punchesbut the one left standingin the end will be the winner. Similarly, the competitive ability of a plant may depend upon its relative abilityto deny contested resourcesto neighborsas well as its relative toleranc ...
... punchesenoughto avoida knockout.Twoboxerstherefore, may deliverthe same intensityof punchesbut the one left standingin the end will be the winner. Similarly, the competitive ability of a plant may depend upon its relative abilityto deny contested resourcesto neighborsas well as its relative toleranc ...
Using home-range data to optimise the control of invasive animals
... For each stoat we calculated one home-range width by measuring the maximum distance (z) between two parallel lines that encompassed all of the kernel, circle or point data for an animal (Fig. 1). This process was then repeated, rotating the parallel lines by 15° increments to give 12 home-range widt ...
... For each stoat we calculated one home-range width by measuring the maximum distance (z) between two parallel lines that encompassed all of the kernel, circle or point data for an animal (Fig. 1). This process was then repeated, rotating the parallel lines by 15° increments to give 12 home-range widt ...
Invasions and Extinctions Reshape Coastal
... increasing trophic level (Fig. 4A). The differential distribution of invasions and extinctions among trophic groups have already caused measurable changes in the relative distribution of species among trophic levels, even with invasions and extinctions each comprising only 5.1% of the total species ...
... increasing trophic level (Fig. 4A). The differential distribution of invasions and extinctions among trophic groups have already caused measurable changes in the relative distribution of species among trophic levels, even with invasions and extinctions each comprising only 5.1% of the total species ...
Evolution in plant populations as a driver of ecological changes in
... Heritable variation in traits can have wide-ranging impacts on species interactions, but the effects that ongoing evolution has on the temporal ecological dynamics of communities are not well understood. Here, we identify three conditions that, if experimentally satisfied, support the hypothesis tha ...
... Heritable variation in traits can have wide-ranging impacts on species interactions, but the effects that ongoing evolution has on the temporal ecological dynamics of communities are not well understood. Here, we identify three conditions that, if experimentally satisfied, support the hypothesis tha ...
PARASITOS DE Acestrorhynchus lacustris (LÜTKEN, 1875
... infections were aggregated and determine its type of distribution. The statistical d was also calculated to evaluate its significance (LUDWIG; REYNOLDS, 1988). The frequency of dominance and mean relative dominance (specimens number of a species/total specimen’s number of all infracommunity species ...
... infections were aggregated and determine its type of distribution. The statistical d was also calculated to evaluate its significance (LUDWIG; REYNOLDS, 1988). The frequency of dominance and mean relative dominance (specimens number of a species/total specimen’s number of all infracommunity species ...
appendix w5 - Department of Water Affairs
... High diversity of vegetation and geomorphological structure and patchiness/interspersion. High rating=3; High diversity of vegetation and geomorphological structure and low patchiness interspersion. Moderate rating=2; Low diversity of vegetation and geomorphological structure and high patchiness/int ...
... High diversity of vegetation and geomorphological structure and patchiness/interspersion. High rating=3; High diversity of vegetation and geomorphological structure and low patchiness interspersion. Moderate rating=2; Low diversity of vegetation and geomorphological structure and high patchiness/int ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.