Chapter 10 Gene flow and the evolutionary ecology of
... were generated for all colonies, and a subset of these was further genetically characterized using mitochondrial DNA sequence data (for further details, see Freeland et al. 2000c). Analysis of gene flow and population structure using microsatellites Within each continental region, we characterized p ...
... were generated for all colonies, and a subset of these was further genetically characterized using mitochondrial DNA sequence data (for further details, see Freeland et al. 2000c). Analysis of gene flow and population structure using microsatellites Within each continental region, we characterized p ...
U of Minn Ch02
... few or no offspring to maturity have versions of traits with relatively low fitness. Individuals with a high rate of reproduction but a life span so short that they leave few or no surviving offspring also have versions of traits with low fitness. ...
... few or no offspring to maturity have versions of traits with relatively low fitness. Individuals with a high rate of reproduction but a life span so short that they leave few or no surviving offspring also have versions of traits with low fitness. ...
- Wiley Online Library
... of a dominant predator which previously held the subordinate species in check (Soulé et al., 1988). Such an occurrence may constitute one link in a larger trophic cascade. Apparent competition : this is most commonly a situation in which two or more alternative prey species limit each other’s abund ...
... of a dominant predator which previously held the subordinate species in check (Soulé et al., 1988). Such an occurrence may constitute one link in a larger trophic cascade. Apparent competition : this is most commonly a situation in which two or more alternative prey species limit each other’s abund ...
Facilitative interactions among aquatic invaders
... in which one species benefits at the expense of another (e.g., predation, parasitism); amensalism, in which one species is inhibited while the other is unaffected; and antagonism, which is defined here as any mutually detrimental interaction (e.g., resource competition, interference, allelopathy). O ...
... in which one species benefits at the expense of another (e.g., predation, parasitism); amensalism, in which one species is inhibited while the other is unaffected; and antagonism, which is defined here as any mutually detrimental interaction (e.g., resource competition, interference, allelopathy). O ...
Biotic interactions and speciation in the tropics
... static since abiotic factors do not coevolve. This argument assumes that speciation is a byproduct of ecological adaptation, either directly, e.g. habitat shifts or differences in mating preferences, or indirectly, due to the fixation of adaptive genes that contribute to hybrid incompatibilities. Th ...
... static since abiotic factors do not coevolve. This argument assumes that speciation is a byproduct of ecological adaptation, either directly, e.g. habitat shifts or differences in mating preferences, or indirectly, due to the fixation of adaptive genes that contribute to hybrid incompatibilities. Th ...
Population growth rate and its determinants
... population dynamics could to some degree be predicted. We argue that population growth rate is also central to our understanding of environmental stress: environmental stressors should be de ned as factors which when rst applied to a population reduce population growth rate. The joint action of s ...
... population dynamics could to some degree be predicted. We argue that population growth rate is also central to our understanding of environmental stress: environmental stressors should be de ned as factors which when rst applied to a population reduce population growth rate. The joint action of s ...
Kelp Beds: Importance and Dynamics By
... What layout are Kelp Beds similar to? Why is kelp important for the organisms that live near it? What is a photoautotroph? What type of water are kelp beds found in? List the three things a Kelp Bed needs to form? ...
... What layout are Kelp Beds similar to? Why is kelp important for the organisms that live near it? What is a photoautotroph? What type of water are kelp beds found in? List the three things a Kelp Bed needs to form? ...
Urban biodiversity: patterns and mechanisms
... in bird abundance are often due to increases in nonnative species such as English sparrows and European starlings in North American studies and a subset of native species that are urban adapters and exploiters.3,12,13 In addition, subsets of bird species tend to increase (e.g., granivores) whereas o ...
... in bird abundance are often due to increases in nonnative species such as English sparrows and European starlings in North American studies and a subset of native species that are urban adapters and exploiters.3,12,13 In addition, subsets of bird species tend to increase (e.g., granivores) whereas o ...
Leaf-Cutting Ant Herbivory in Successional and Agricultural
... typessimultaneously.The average herbivoryrate (daily cuttingof leaf per square metreof ground,all treatmentscombined) was ~ 150 mg (or 38 cm2). In communitieswithgreaterleaf area index, structuralcomplexity,and species richness,A. ceph? alotes cut lower portionsof total leaf area. Beforeharvestof th ...
... typessimultaneously.The average herbivoryrate (daily cuttingof leaf per square metreof ground,all treatmentscombined) was ~ 150 mg (or 38 cm2). In communitieswithgreaterleaf area index, structuralcomplexity,and species richness,A. ceph? alotes cut lower portionsof total leaf area. Beforeharvestof th ...
ENVI 21 Life in the Ocean
... Seasonal Vertical Migration – Seasonal patterns in vertical distribution relatively common among species in temperate and polar regions as well as upwelling zones, but generally not in tropical species ...
... Seasonal Vertical Migration – Seasonal patterns in vertical distribution relatively common among species in temperate and polar regions as well as upwelling zones, but generally not in tropical species ...
Restoration Ecology: Interventionist Approaches for - LERF
... allows for generalizations to be made from particular studies and restoration projects and for lessons learned in one place to be more readily transferred to other situations. Restoration is, by its nature, largely an interventionist activity. In the light of recent conceptual developments in restor ...
... allows for generalizations to be made from particular studies and restoration projects and for lessons learned in one place to be more readily transferred to other situations. Restoration is, by its nature, largely an interventionist activity. In the light of recent conceptual developments in restor ...
Report Specialization, Constraints, and Conflicting Interests in
... involving seed dispersers (mostly vertebrates) as well as ant-myrmecophyte associations were usually more symmetric (1.2:1 and 1.6:1, respectively) and did not show significant unequal specialization of both mutualists (both p R 0.38). Hence, the network architecture severely constrains average spec ...
... involving seed dispersers (mostly vertebrates) as well as ant-myrmecophyte associations were usually more symmetric (1.2:1 and 1.6:1, respectively) and did not show significant unequal specialization of both mutualists (both p R 0.38). Hence, the network architecture severely constrains average spec ...
Competition Within and Between Species of Parasitoid Wasps
... participant clearly benefits, but the effect on the other can be neutral, positive or negative. For example, flocks of insectivorous birds follow large grazing animals in an African savannah. As the animals move through the grass, they disturb insects that fly up out of the grass. The birds forage o ...
... participant clearly benefits, but the effect on the other can be neutral, positive or negative. For example, flocks of insectivorous birds follow large grazing animals in an African savannah. As the animals move through the grass, they disturb insects that fly up out of the grass. The birds forage o ...
Rewilding: Pitfalls and Opportunities for Moths and Butterflies
... considerable dimension of the amount of European agricultural land that is already being abandoned, and that is set to be abandoned over the next couple of decades (see Chap. 1), it is obvious why the rewilding concept provides a most welcome opportunity for wide-ranging and cursorial species, like ...
... considerable dimension of the amount of European agricultural land that is already being abandoned, and that is set to be abandoned over the next couple of decades (see Chap. 1), it is obvious why the rewilding concept provides a most welcome opportunity for wide-ranging and cursorial species, like ...
Sample Chapter 03
... species concept of Ernst Mayr (1942), who defined species as “groups of populations that can actually or potentially exchange genes with one another and that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.” The biological species concept defines species in terms of interbreeding. It has been use ...
... species concept of Ernst Mayr (1942), who defined species as “groups of populations that can actually or potentially exchange genes with one another and that are reproductively isolated from other such groups.” The biological species concept defines species in terms of interbreeding. It has been use ...
Anti-Predator Coloration Symposium
... August 2016, at the Cornwall (Penryn) Campus, which is located approximately 2-3 hours travel from Exeter city (where the main ISBE is held). Anti-predator coloration is widespread in nature, from camouflage and startle displays to warning signals and mimicry. Research on these defences begun with t ...
... August 2016, at the Cornwall (Penryn) Campus, which is located approximately 2-3 hours travel from Exeter city (where the main ISBE is held). Anti-predator coloration is widespread in nature, from camouflage and startle displays to warning signals and mimicry. Research on these defences begun with t ...
The ecology of restoration: historical links, emerging issues and
... underlies the successful practice of restoration, and most restoration practitioners recognize this. Competition and physiological limits have long been a basis of applied plant science, including agronomy, horticulture and restoration. Other concepts, such as the extent of positive interspecific ef ...
... underlies the successful practice of restoration, and most restoration practitioners recognize this. Competition and physiological limits have long been a basis of applied plant science, including agronomy, horticulture and restoration. Other concepts, such as the extent of positive interspecific ef ...
Linking internal and external bacterial community control gives
... 2004; Weinbauer, 2004; Suttle, 2007; Winter et al., 2010), presumably in interaction with bottom-up mechanisms related to substrate diversity and generalist versus specialist strategies (e.g., Mou et al., 2008) in the hosts’ use of complex substrates available in most natural environments. Viral lys ...
... 2004; Weinbauer, 2004; Suttle, 2007; Winter et al., 2010), presumably in interaction with bottom-up mechanisms related to substrate diversity and generalist versus specialist strategies (e.g., Mou et al., 2008) in the hosts’ use of complex substrates available in most natural environments. Viral lys ...
Concepts of disturbance, colonization and early development or
... provides a heterogeneous environment. Several methods and equations have been used to test species diversity such as the Simpson's Index and the Shannon and Weaver's Index. In ecology, these methods are often used to quantify the biodiversity of a habitat. They take into account the number of specie ...
... provides a heterogeneous environment. Several methods and equations have been used to test species diversity such as the Simpson's Index and the Shannon and Weaver's Index. In ecology, these methods are often used to quantify the biodiversity of a habitat. They take into account the number of specie ...
Alpine Arthropod Diversity
... There are clear gaps in the knowledge about the diversity of invertebrates in alpine and arctic environments. Some of the better known groups include Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Aranaea but even these groups are not well documented (Nagy et al., 2003). A few previous studies have looked at arthropod ...
... There are clear gaps in the knowledge about the diversity of invertebrates in alpine and arctic environments. Some of the better known groups include Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Aranaea but even these groups are not well documented (Nagy et al., 2003). A few previous studies have looked at arthropod ...
Local diversity reduces infection risk across multiple
... Here, we use field data from multiple host–parasite associations from an extensive sampling of the entire littoral communities of four New Zealand lakes to provide a replicated test of the hypothesis that local biodiversity affects infection risk in aquatic systems. Our analysis focuses exclusively ...
... Here, we use field data from multiple host–parasite associations from an extensive sampling of the entire littoral communities of four New Zealand lakes to provide a replicated test of the hypothesis that local biodiversity affects infection risk in aquatic systems. Our analysis focuses exclusively ...
Modeling Electrical and Thermal Conductivities of
... constant. Dashed lines represent the time in which the first roll-off was achieved in each case. The maximum difference was 6% between cases 1 and 4 at ≈220 s. This difference was only 3.5% at 6 minutes. The same comparison was made for cases 5 to 8 (not shown) and differences in the lesion short di ...
... constant. Dashed lines represent the time in which the first roll-off was achieved in each case. The maximum difference was 6% between cases 1 and 4 at ≈220 s. This difference was only 3.5% at 6 minutes. The same comparison was made for cases 5 to 8 (not shown) and differences in the lesion short di ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.