An experimental framework to identify community functional
... traits, CWM can only be calculated for a single trait. If more than one trait is important for the ecosystem process of interest, we envisage two possible scenarios. First, when the effect traits considered are correlated to each other (Díaz et al. 2004; Wright et al. 2004), reduction of dimensional ...
... traits, CWM can only be calculated for a single trait. If more than one trait is important for the ecosystem process of interest, we envisage two possible scenarios. First, when the effect traits considered are correlated to each other (Díaz et al. 2004; Wright et al. 2004), reduction of dimensional ...
Мултидисциплинарен подход за симулиране на 3D средата при
... variation of hydraulic and migration characteristics of waterbearing (saturated) medium. Unfortunately, simulation approaches for compilation of flow and mass-transport models has not considered yet the rate and specifics of this heterogeneity realistically enough. This fact predetermines the inaccu ...
... variation of hydraulic and migration characteristics of waterbearing (saturated) medium. Unfortunately, simulation approaches for compilation of flow and mass-transport models has not considered yet the rate and specifics of this heterogeneity realistically enough. This fact predetermines the inaccu ...
The Teleological Argument File
... bird‐like bones. If hollow bones are so great, why don’t other non‐flying animals have them? Some species of snakes have two lungs—one main lung, and one small atrophied lung. These snakes would be able to inhale a larger volume of air if they had one larger lung rather than a secondary, atroph ...
... bird‐like bones. If hollow bones are so great, why don’t other non‐flying animals have them? Some species of snakes have two lungs—one main lung, and one small atrophied lung. These snakes would be able to inhale a larger volume of air if they had one larger lung rather than a secondary, atroph ...
Absence of predation eliminates coexistence
... hatching eggs would be maladaptive. Severe competition for limiting resources imposes a strong selective pressure for postponing reproduction or for producing resting eggs until food levels have increased. Offspring can only survive when born in a short time window between such an increase in food l ...
... hatching eggs would be maladaptive. Severe competition for limiting resources imposes a strong selective pressure for postponing reproduction or for producing resting eggs until food levels have increased. Offspring can only survive when born in a short time window between such an increase in food l ...
Urbanization, Biodiversity, and Conservation
... mong the many human activities that cause habitat loss (Czech et al. 2000), urban development produces some of the greatest local extinction rates and frequently eliminates the large majority of native species (Vale and Vale 1976, Luniak 1994, Kowarik 1995, Marzluff 2001). Also, urbanization is ofte ...
... mong the many human activities that cause habitat loss (Czech et al. 2000), urban development produces some of the greatest local extinction rates and frequently eliminates the large majority of native species (Vale and Vale 1976, Luniak 1994, Kowarik 1995, Marzluff 2001). Also, urbanization is ofte ...
Life history, population dynamics, standing biomass and
... Mesocyclops longisetus (Melão & Rocha, 2004). Production was calculated for each species separately, using the method based on their population dynamics. In order to analyze the factors regulating the production, population dynamics were related to environmental factors. The results of these analysi ...
... Mesocyclops longisetus (Melão & Rocha, 2004). Production was calculated for each species separately, using the method based on their population dynamics. In order to analyze the factors regulating the production, population dynamics were related to environmental factors. The results of these analysi ...
species diversity
... variation between individuals in a single population variations between different populations of the same species. can be measured using increasingly sophisticated techniques (AFLP, SSRs, RAPD,…) ...
... variation between individuals in a single population variations between different populations of the same species. can be measured using increasingly sophisticated techniques (AFLP, SSRs, RAPD,…) ...
amphibian contributions to ecosystem services
... especially in Southeast Asia. They also serve as models in medical research and provide potential for new pharmaceuticals such as analgesics and anti-viral drugs derived from skin secretions. Amphibians contribute to regulating services by reducing mosquito recruitment from ephemeral wetlands, poten ...
... especially in Southeast Asia. They also serve as models in medical research and provide potential for new pharmaceuticals such as analgesics and anti-viral drugs derived from skin secretions. Amphibians contribute to regulating services by reducing mosquito recruitment from ephemeral wetlands, poten ...
Trophic Ecology: Bottom-Up and Top
... Atkinson et al., 2013). For instance, nutrient excretion by benthic invertebrates (e.g., insect larvae, annelids, mussels, and crustaceans) influences primary producer nutrient limitation and dynamics in freshwater and marine systems (Haertel-Borer et al., 2004; Conroy and Edwards, 2005; Alves et al. ...
... Atkinson et al., 2013). For instance, nutrient excretion by benthic invertebrates (e.g., insect larvae, annelids, mussels, and crustaceans) influences primary producer nutrient limitation and dynamics in freshwater and marine systems (Haertel-Borer et al., 2004; Conroy and Edwards, 2005; Alves et al. ...
oceanic islands: models of diversity
... Charles Darwin’s work on the Galapagos, which gave rise to the theory of evolution by means of natural selection. Likewise, Alfred Russell Wallace contemporaneously developed similar theories based on studies in the Spice Islands of Indonesia. Over the last century, research has focused on multiple ...
... Charles Darwin’s work on the Galapagos, which gave rise to the theory of evolution by means of natural selection. Likewise, Alfred Russell Wallace contemporaneously developed similar theories based on studies in the Spice Islands of Indonesia. Over the last century, research has focused on multiple ...
Uncorrected Proofs for Review Only
... from high- and low-predation populations were exposed to a series of scenes hidden behind a trapdoor. Each shoal was exposed to each scene (blank control, live cichlid, or novel object) for 15 minutes, and their shoaling and inspection behavior assessed. Fish from high-predation areas formed tighter ...
... from high- and low-predation populations were exposed to a series of scenes hidden behind a trapdoor. Each shoal was exposed to each scene (blank control, live cichlid, or novel object) for 15 minutes, and their shoaling and inspection behavior assessed. Fish from high-predation areas formed tighter ...
Chapter 235 - El Niño and Biodiversity
... following burn events depends on sapling survival, resprouting and the seed rain from surviving trees. Sapling survival, however, can be very low following burning. In burned forest in East Kalimantan sapling density was only 2.5% of that found in adjacent unburned forest (Cleary et al., 2006b). Res ...
... following burn events depends on sapling survival, resprouting and the seed rain from surviving trees. Sapling survival, however, can be very low following burning. In burned forest in East Kalimantan sapling density was only 2.5% of that found in adjacent unburned forest (Cleary et al., 2006b). Res ...
Recording ecological debts in the national
... ‘river basins good environmental quality’. The reports on distances to targets and costs to meet the objectives presented by the EU Member-States under the WFD reporting correspond to measuring physical debt and estimating a debt in money. Physical and monetary debts are thus extinguished by the dou ...
... ‘river basins good environmental quality’. The reports on distances to targets and costs to meet the objectives presented by the EU Member-States under the WFD reporting correspond to measuring physical debt and estimating a debt in money. Physical and monetary debts are thus extinguished by the dou ...
Challenges in Environmental Ethics
... Fishermen in Atlantic coastal estuaries and bays toss beer bottles overboard, a convenient way to dispose of trash. On the bottom, small crabs, attracted by the residual beer, make their way inside the bottles and become trapped, unable to get enough foothold on the slick glass neck to work their wa ...
... Fishermen in Atlantic coastal estuaries and bays toss beer bottles overboard, a convenient way to dispose of trash. On the bottom, small crabs, attracted by the residual beer, make their way inside the bottles and become trapped, unable to get enough foothold on the slick glass neck to work their wa ...
INTRODUCTION - Pace University Webspace
... As stated above there are obvious group size differences between the residents and transients. It is believed that these developed in response to the ability to capture and share prey. Resident orcas can herd, corral and take fish with a large group and the capture of a fish by any individual does n ...
... As stated above there are obvious group size differences between the residents and transients. It is believed that these developed in response to the ability to capture and share prey. Resident orcas can herd, corral and take fish with a large group and the capture of a fish by any individual does n ...
ecological correlates of residence and non
... measured by obtaining for each month a diversity value in whose computation the p,s were the proportions (respective to total number of species actually present in that month) represented by each foraging type, each species accounting for its main foraging type as explained above for Fig. 2. It must ...
... measured by obtaining for each month a diversity value in whose computation the p,s were the proportions (respective to total number of species actually present in that month) represented by each foraging type, each species accounting for its main foraging type as explained above for Fig. 2. It must ...
data base questions
... Colouration is an important adaptive trait that can protect an organism from predators. Behaviour and colour change were studied in two larval amphibian species. Ambystoma barbouri is found in streams containing the predatory sunfish. A. texanum is found in temporary ponds and streams which lack the ...
... Colouration is an important adaptive trait that can protect an organism from predators. Behaviour and colour change were studied in two larval amphibian species. Ambystoma barbouri is found in streams containing the predatory sunfish. A. texanum is found in temporary ponds and streams which lack the ...
Delivering Biodiversity Gain: Experience and Practicalities Dr Julia
... So how best to ensure: •delivering biodiversity gain is undertaken as standard •such biodiversity gains have real conservation value Need a better understanding of what ‘delivering net biodiversity gain’ means in practice ...
... So how best to ensure: •delivering biodiversity gain is undertaken as standard •such biodiversity gains have real conservation value Need a better understanding of what ‘delivering net biodiversity gain’ means in practice ...
Regeneration of Sponges in Ecological Context
... sponges simply regenerate as quickly as possible, given constraints imposed by skeletal construction, morphology, or other traits that are determined primarily by evolutionary heritage? Does allocation of energy or materials impose trade-offs between regeneration versus competing processes such as g ...
... sponges simply regenerate as quickly as possible, given constraints imposed by skeletal construction, morphology, or other traits that are determined primarily by evolutionary heritage? Does allocation of energy or materials impose trade-offs between regeneration versus competing processes such as g ...
special feature - Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology
... the fraction of plant material and prey varying greatly, and with both obligate and facultative mixing strategies represented (Coll 1998, Thompson 1999). Omnivory is also prevalent at higher trophic levels, where predators or parasitoids not only attack herbivores but also prey extensively on other ...
... the fraction of plant material and prey varying greatly, and with both obligate and facultative mixing strategies represented (Coll 1998, Thompson 1999). Omnivory is also prevalent at higher trophic levels, where predators or parasitoids not only attack herbivores but also prey extensively on other ...
HORIZONS Modelling emergent trophic strategies in plankton
... size and allocation of energy to three central resourceharvesting traits: allocations to inorganic nutrient uptake, to photosynthesis (carbon uptake) and to phagotrophy (carbon and nutrient uptake). Because the total investment in all three traits is limited by total cell resources (here carbon and ...
... size and allocation of energy to three central resourceharvesting traits: allocations to inorganic nutrient uptake, to photosynthesis (carbon uptake) and to phagotrophy (carbon and nutrient uptake). Because the total investment in all three traits is limited by total cell resources (here carbon and ...
Ecosystem Changes, Biodiversity Loss and Human Well
... communities, everyone needs food, clean water and air, fibers, fuel, medicines, and environmental stability. Ecosystems provide these services and biodiversity sustains ecosystems and their processes. As the world population and consumption patterns per capita increase, so do the demand for natural ...
... communities, everyone needs food, clean water and air, fibers, fuel, medicines, and environmental stability. Ecosystems provide these services and biodiversity sustains ecosystems and their processes. As the world population and consumption patterns per capita increase, so do the demand for natural ...
Are planthopper problems caused by a breakdown in ecosystem
... Based on research results, both experimental and field, and related literature, it is evident that planthopper outbreaks are secondary pest problems because of the deterioration of important ecosystem services, such as natural biological control and invasion resistance. These services can be affecte ...
... Based on research results, both experimental and field, and related literature, it is evident that planthopper outbreaks are secondary pest problems because of the deterioration of important ecosystem services, such as natural biological control and invasion resistance. These services can be affecte ...
Theoretical ecology
Theoretical ecology is the scientific discipline devoted to the study of ecological systems using theoretical methods such as simple conceptual models, mathematical models, computational simulations, and advanced data analysis. Effective models improve understanding of the natural world by revealing how the dynamics of species populations are often based on fundamental biological conditions and processes. Further, the field aims to unify a diverse range of empirical observations by assuming that common, mechanistic processes generate observable phenomena across species and ecological environments. Based on biologically realistic assumptions, theoretical ecologists are able to uncover novel, non-intuitive insights about natural processes. Theoretical results are often verified by empirical and observational studies, revealing the power of theoretical methods in both predicting and understanding the noisy, diverse biological world.The field is broad and includes foundations in applied mathematics, computer science, biology, statistical physics, genetics, chemistry, evolution, and conservation biology. Theoretical ecology aims to explain a diverse range of phenomena in the life sciences, such as population growth and dynamics, fisheries, competition, evolutionary theory, epidemiology, animal behavior and group dynamics, food webs, ecosystems, spatial ecology, and the effects of climate change.Theoretical ecology has further benefited from the advent of fast computing power, allowing the analysis and visualization of large-scale computational simulations of ecological phenomena. Importantly, these modern tools provide quantitative predictions about the effects of human induced environmental change on a diverse variety of ecological phenomena, such as: species invasions, climate change, the effect of fishing and hunting on food network stability, and the global carbon cycle.