Open resource - Homeland Security Digital Library
... Body waves Seismograms use body waves to determine location of earthquakes. There are two types of body waves: • “P” waves (“primary”) • “S” waves (“secondary”) ...
... Body waves Seismograms use body waves to determine location of earthquakes. There are two types of body waves: • “P” waves (“primary”) • “S” waves (“secondary”) ...
Title On cause hypotheses of earthquakes with external tectonic
... cause hypothesis of active fault elastic rebounding. The second is a combined loading system where the first external loading system is added with a dense gas loading in the interior of deep crustal rock faults/defects. It is associated with the methane gas hypothesis for the cause of tectonic earth ...
... cause hypothesis of active fault elastic rebounding. The second is a combined loading system where the first external loading system is added with a dense gas loading in the interior of deep crustal rock faults/defects. It is associated with the methane gas hypothesis for the cause of tectonic earth ...
KEY - Belmont Secondary Home Page
... 5. When geologist talk about the __STRIKE__ of a rock layer, they refer to a compass direction measured parallel to the earth's surface. 6. When geologist talk about the ___DIP___ of a rock layer, they mean the tilt or angle of the layer, measured down from the horizontal plane. 7. If a geologist sa ...
... 5. When geologist talk about the __STRIKE__ of a rock layer, they refer to a compass direction measured parallel to the earth's surface. 6. When geologist talk about the ___DIP___ of a rock layer, they mean the tilt or angle of the layer, measured down from the horizontal plane. 7. If a geologist sa ...
Furnace of Creation, Cradle of Destruction: A Journey to the
... world began to appear. As early as 1596, the Dutch mapmaker Abraham Ortelius, in his work Thesaurus Geographic, put forward the idea that that the Americas had broken away from Europe. In 1620, Francis Bacon, the English philosopher, court politician, and ‘‘father of deductive reasoning,’’ remarked ...
... world began to appear. As early as 1596, the Dutch mapmaker Abraham Ortelius, in his work Thesaurus Geographic, put forward the idea that that the Americas had broken away from Europe. In 1620, Francis Bacon, the English philosopher, court politician, and ‘‘father of deductive reasoning,’’ remarked ...
Earth,Notes,RevQs,Ch10
... top of the deck is moved relative to the bottom. In a near-surface environment, where temperatures and confining pressures are low, shearing often occurs on closely spaced surfaces of weakness such as bedding planes, foliation, and joints. At greater depths, temperature and confining pressures are h ...
... top of the deck is moved relative to the bottom. In a near-surface environment, where temperatures and confining pressures are low, shearing often occurs on closely spaced surfaces of weakness such as bedding planes, foliation, and joints. At greater depths, temperature and confining pressures are h ...
fault
... The stress drop causes a time interval during which the stress builds up again to critical value. This type of frictional behaviour is known as stick-slip, or unstable sliding (as opposed to continue slip on smooth surfaces: stable sliding). Earthquakes are generally thought to be recurring slip epi ...
... The stress drop causes a time interval during which the stress builds up again to critical value. This type of frictional behaviour is known as stick-slip, or unstable sliding (as opposed to continue slip on smooth surfaces: stable sliding). Earthquakes are generally thought to be recurring slip epi ...
JDFfaulting
... controlled hydration appears to be largely restricted to crustal levels. If dehydration ...
... controlled hydration appears to be largely restricted to crustal levels. If dehydration ...
Detailed rupture imaging of the 25 April 2015 Nepal earthquake
... rupture followed the path indicated in Figure 2, the average rupture velocity is ∼2 km/s. In Stage 2, the distance between the peak energy bursts of 25–30 s and 30–35 s is ∼46 km. If the rupture propagated linearly, the apparent rupture velocity is 4.6 km/s, which is faster than the local S wave vel ...
... rupture followed the path indicated in Figure 2, the average rupture velocity is ∼2 km/s. In Stage 2, the distance between the peak energy bursts of 25–30 s and 30–35 s is ∼46 km. If the rupture propagated linearly, the apparent rupture velocity is 4.6 km/s, which is faster than the local S wave vel ...
A mechanism for preseismic steady rupture fronts observed in
... creates a stress concentration at its tip and penetrates into the velocity‐weakening segment (Figure 1b). In due time, seismic rupture nucleates and propagates bilaterally (its progression is shown by red lines in Figure 1b). After a seismic event, the velocity‐strengthening segments experience post ...
... creates a stress concentration at its tip and penetrates into the velocity‐weakening segment (Figure 1b). In due time, seismic rupture nucleates and propagates bilaterally (its progression is shown by red lines in Figure 1b). After a seismic event, the velocity‐strengthening segments experience post ...
docx - UNAVCO
... earthquake by seismologists, and is proportional to the energy released by the earthquake. A common misconception is that the Richter scale is still in use, but it has been replaced. The Richter scale was developed only for earthquakes in California within a specific range. How well does magnitude m ...
... earthquake by seismologists, and is proportional to the energy released by the earthquake. A common misconception is that the Richter scale is still in use, but it has been replaced. The Richter scale was developed only for earthquakes in California within a specific range. How well does magnitude m ...
Exploring plate motion and deformation in California with
... earthquake by seismologists, and is proportional to the energy released by the earthquake. A common misconception is that the Richter scale is still in use, but it has been replaced. The Richter scale was developed only for earthquakes in California within a specific range. How well does magnitude m ...
... earthquake by seismologists, and is proportional to the energy released by the earthquake. A common misconception is that the Richter scale is still in use, but it has been replaced. The Richter scale was developed only for earthquakes in California within a specific range. How well does magnitude m ...
2. Fault mechanics: some basic aspects
... layer of gouge also obey Byerlee's law and display a frictional behavior similar to clean rock surfaces involving either strong and weak lithologies. The only silicatic minerals that display significant lower friction than Byerlee's law are montmorillonite, vermiculite and illite. Other platy minera ...
... layer of gouge also obey Byerlee's law and display a frictional behavior similar to clean rock surfaces involving either strong and weak lithologies. The only silicatic minerals that display significant lower friction than Byerlee's law are montmorillonite, vermiculite and illite. Other platy minera ...
Seismic Profiles of Earth`s Interior
... Scientists learn about Earth’s interior by using seismic waves or vibrations that travel through Earth’s layers during earthquakes. There are different types of seismic waves. P waves (Primary waves) are compressional vibrations that travel accordion style through solids and liquids. S waves (Second ...
... Scientists learn about Earth’s interior by using seismic waves or vibrations that travel through Earth’s layers during earthquakes. There are different types of seismic waves. P waves (Primary waves) are compressional vibrations that travel accordion style through solids and liquids. S waves (Second ...
Earthquake Tips
... hot molten outer core. This sliding of Earth's mass takes place in pieces called Tectonic Plates. The surface of the Earth consists of seven major tectonic plates and many smaller ones (Figure 3). These plates move in different directions and at different speeds from those of the neighbouring ones. ...
... hot molten outer core. This sliding of Earth's mass takes place in pieces called Tectonic Plates. The surface of the Earth consists of seven major tectonic plates and many smaller ones (Figure 3). These plates move in different directions and at different speeds from those of the neighbouring ones. ...
Deep structure of the northeastern Japan arc
... Nakajima et al. (2001a,b), using data from the seismic observation network, the density of which has recently been increased, calculated the three-dimensional seismic wave velocity structure for the northeastern Japan arc, updating the results of Zhao et al. (1992). Figs. 2 and 3 show the P-wave vel ...
... Nakajima et al. (2001a,b), using data from the seismic observation network, the density of which has recently been increased, calculated the three-dimensional seismic wave velocity structure for the northeastern Japan arc, updating the results of Zhao et al. (1992). Figs. 2 and 3 show the P-wave vel ...
2 April Notes
... gas. S Waves – Secondary – Shearing: travel only through solid. These are the first two wave to arrive after an earth quake. ...
... gas. S Waves – Secondary – Shearing: travel only through solid. These are the first two wave to arrive after an earth quake. ...
performance based analysis and modeling of a dual seismic force
... made by tying both top and bottom chords to the column. The four EBFs frames were therefore coupled with the MRFs trusses through the exterior composite columns. Because the EBFs are separated from the main tower, the floor diaphragms are not continuously attached to the lateral load-resisting syst ...
... made by tying both top and bottom chords to the column. The four EBFs frames were therefore coupled with the MRFs trusses through the exterior composite columns. Because the EBFs are separated from the main tower, the floor diaphragms are not continuously attached to the lateral load-resisting syst ...
Closing crack earthquakes within the Krafla caldera, North Iceland
... The highly implosive (closing crack) non-DC Event A is of interest because only a few examples of such events have been reported previously. Some skepticism of these results is appropriate, since such implosive events are rare within the literature and the method of faulting is likely to be unusual. ...
... The highly implosive (closing crack) non-DC Event A is of interest because only a few examples of such events have been reported previously. Some skepticism of these results is appropriate, since such implosive events are rare within the literature and the method of faulting is likely to be unusual. ...
Plate Tectonics and Earthquakes
... up surrounded by debris but with no serious injuries. For days afterward, he helped search the building wreckage looking for his wife, but she was one of the 20,103 people killed by this major earthquake, the deadliest natural disaster of 2001. Our planet is mobile and active; its uppermost rocky la ...
... up surrounded by debris but with no serious injuries. For days afterward, he helped search the building wreckage looking for his wife, but she was one of the 20,103 people killed by this major earthquake, the deadliest natural disaster of 2001. Our planet is mobile and active; its uppermost rocky la ...
Nature of the Vrancea seismic zone (Eastern Carpathians) – New
... and it is well-known for its strong intermediate depth earthquakes. Seismic tomography had revealed a high-velocity body beneath Vrancea and the Moesian platform that extends to a depth of at least 350 km and can be interpreted as descending lithosphere. The strong earthquakes occur within the north ...
... and it is well-known for its strong intermediate depth earthquakes. Seismic tomography had revealed a high-velocity body beneath Vrancea and the Moesian platform that extends to a depth of at least 350 km and can be interpreted as descending lithosphere. The strong earthquakes occur within the north ...
Part 3: Normal faults and extensional tectonics
... depth, fabrics reflecting progressively colder and more brittle deformational envi ronments are superimposed upon one another. So, walking from the interior of the core complex out towards the lowgrade upper plate rocks ductile fabrics and my lonites will be overprinted by brittleductile transiti ...
... depth, fabrics reflecting progressively colder and more brittle deformational envi ronments are superimposed upon one another. So, walking from the interior of the core complex out towards the lowgrade upper plate rocks ductile fabrics and my lonites will be overprinted by brittleductile transiti ...
Science_Barcelona_final24july - Nearest
... circular ponds and isolated cones. The large amount of multi-channel seismic profiles and high resolution seismic data, sidescan sonar and groundtruthing (Tortella et al., 1997; Díaz del Rio et al., 2003; Gràcia et al., 2003b; Somoza et al., 2003; Medialdea et al., 2004; Thiebot and Gutscher, 2006) ...
... circular ponds and isolated cones. The large amount of multi-channel seismic profiles and high resolution seismic data, sidescan sonar and groundtruthing (Tortella et al., 1997; Díaz del Rio et al., 2003; Gràcia et al., 2003b; Somoza et al., 2003; Medialdea et al., 2004; Thiebot and Gutscher, 2006) ...
Behavior of Seismically Isolated Buildings during the 2016
... km at 01:25 JST on April 16, and the maximum seismic intensity of 7 was observed. It is extremely rare for an earthquake of seismic intensity 7 to be observed twice in succession within a 28-hour period. It was announced afterwards that the earthquake on April 14 was a foreshock and the earthquake o ...
... km at 01:25 JST on April 16, and the maximum seismic intensity of 7 was observed. It is extremely rare for an earthquake of seismic intensity 7 to be observed twice in succession within a 28-hour period. It was announced afterwards that the earthquake on April 14 was a foreshock and the earthquake o ...
Abstract of the Dissertation-JNL
... The plate margin in the western United States is an active tectonic region that contains the integrated deformation between the North American and Pacific plates. Nearly focused plate motion between the North American and Pacific plates within the northern Gulf of California gives way north of the S ...
... The plate margin in the western United States is an active tectonic region that contains the integrated deformation between the North American and Pacific plates. Nearly focused plate motion between the North American and Pacific plates within the northern Gulf of California gives way north of the S ...
Distinct Updip Limits to Geodetic Locking and Microseismicity at the
... Pacific Rise (EPR) and the Cocos-Nazca Spreading Center (CNS) subducts along the MAT at 8.3 – 9 cm/yr [DeMets, 2001]. The morphology, age, and formation history of the Cocos plate varies along strike [von Huene et al., 1995, 2000; Barckhausen et al., 2001], and the western Costa Rican margin can be ...
... Pacific Rise (EPR) and the Cocos-Nazca Spreading Center (CNS) subducts along the MAT at 8.3 – 9 cm/yr [DeMets, 2001]. The morphology, age, and formation history of the Cocos plate varies along strike [von Huene et al., 1995, 2000; Barckhausen et al., 2001], and the western Costa Rican margin can be ...
Earthquake
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the perceptible shaking of the surface of the Earth, which can be violent enough to destroy major buildings and kill thousands of people. The severity of the shaking can range from barely felt to violent enough to toss people around. Earthquakes have destroyed whole cities. They result from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The seismicity, seismism or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers. The moment magnitude is the most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for the entire globe. The more numerous earthquakes smaller than magnitude 5 reported by national seismological observatories are measured mostly on the local magnitude scale, also referred to as the Richter magnitude scale. These two scales are numerically similar over their range of validity. Magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes are mostly almost imperceptible or weak and magnitude 7 and over potentially cause serious damage over larger areas, depending on their depth. The largest earthquakes in historic times have been of magnitude slightly over 9, although there is no limit to the possible magnitude. The most recent large earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or larger was a 9.0 magnitude earthquake in Japan in 2011 (as of March 2014), and it was the largest Japanese earthquake since records began. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. The shallower an earthquake, the more damage to structures it causes, all else being equal.At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity.In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether natural or caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.