Important Technical Terms
... California on the east side of the San Andreas fault.3 He also suspected that these two parts of California did not slide smoothly past each other. He suspected, rather, that they stuck together along the San Andreas fault for decades at a time. Now this sticking would not stop the two regions from ...
... California on the east side of the San Andreas fault.3 He also suspected that these two parts of California did not slide smoothly past each other. He suspected, rather, that they stuck together along the San Andreas fault for decades at a time. Now this sticking would not stop the two regions from ...
Faults and Faultings - National Taiwan University
... How presence of water in fault zone affects the stress at which faulting occurs? 1. Alteration minerals in the fault zone have lower shear strength than minerals in the unaltered rock. It permits the fault to slip at a lower frictional stress. 2. Presence of water in a rock cause hydrolytic weaknes ...
... How presence of water in fault zone affects the stress at which faulting occurs? 1. Alteration minerals in the fault zone have lower shear strength than minerals in the unaltered rock. It permits the fault to slip at a lower frictional stress. 2. Presence of water in a rock cause hydrolytic weaknes ...
What Can Seismology Say About Hot Spots?
... tomography, borrowed from medicine, is given to such seismic techniques. Seismic tomography is much more difficult than X-ray tomography, because the ray paths are curved and initially unknown, and in some cases the locations of the sources are poorly known. Three seismic tomography techniques are p ...
... tomography, borrowed from medicine, is given to such seismic techniques. Seismic tomography is much more difficult than X-ray tomography, because the ray paths are curved and initially unknown, and in some cases the locations of the sources are poorly known. Three seismic tomography techniques are p ...
faulting - The Web site cannot be found
... Christian Otto Mohr proposed in 1900 that σS and σ N are related in general by a non-linear function specific to the material considered. The function represents the shape of the envelope to a series of Mohr circles at failure for a given material: the Mohr envelope, which is an empirical curve that ...
... Christian Otto Mohr proposed in 1900 that σS and σ N are related in general by a non-linear function specific to the material considered. The function represents the shape of the envelope to a series of Mohr circles at failure for a given material: the Mohr envelope, which is an empirical curve that ...
Volcanic and seismic hazards at a proposed nuclear power site in
... that are potentially hazardous from those that are not. There are several terms, such as ‘active’, ‘dormant’, and ‘extinct’ that have been used for this purpose, but these adjectives are of limited use in volcanic hazard assessment because of the great latitude in their de¢nitions, even among volcan ...
... that are potentially hazardous from those that are not. There are several terms, such as ‘active’, ‘dormant’, and ‘extinct’ that have been used for this purpose, but these adjectives are of limited use in volcanic hazard assessment because of the great latitude in their de¢nitions, even among volcan ...
Internal structure of the San Andreas fault at
... resistivity. These porosity values are high for near-surface rocks, and although there is some nonuniqueness converting resistivity to porosity, all calculations indicate that a significant fluid content is required to explain the low resistivity. The low resistivity zone forms a damaged zone at the ...
... resistivity. These porosity values are high for near-surface rocks, and although there is some nonuniqueness converting resistivity to porosity, all calculations indicate that a significant fluid content is required to explain the low resistivity. The low resistivity zone forms a damaged zone at the ...
The Canadian Rockies and Alberta Network (CRANE)
... stacking over all azimuths. We convert these time-domain receiver functions to depth based on PREM (Dziewonski and Anderson, 1981), which provides a first-order approximation for the depths of crust and mantle reflectors in the absence of more accepted regional P or S velocity models. If one assumes ...
... stacking over all azimuths. We convert these time-domain receiver functions to depth based on PREM (Dziewonski and Anderson, 1981), which provides a first-order approximation for the depths of crust and mantle reflectors in the absence of more accepted regional P or S velocity models. If one assumes ...
PDF - University of Arizona
... which uses Ligorria and Ammon’s (1999) iterative deconvolution. The SV component is deconvolved from the P component and S-wave receiver functions are calculated. The Gaussian width factor a, which controls the frequency content of the receiver functions (Hansen 2007; Ligorria and Ammon, 1999), is t ...
... which uses Ligorria and Ammon’s (1999) iterative deconvolution. The SV component is deconvolved from the P component and S-wave receiver functions are calculated. The Gaussian width factor a, which controls the frequency content of the receiver functions (Hansen 2007; Ligorria and Ammon, 1999), is t ...
Seismic reflection images of active faults on New Zealand`s South
... 6. Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N1N4, Canada Abstract New Zealand is located along the boundary between the Australian and Pacific plates. Although there are numerous faults associated with this plate boundary setting, few have ruptured during the nearly 200 years of E ...
... 6. Department of Geoscience, University of Calgary, Calgary, T2N1N4, Canada Abstract New Zealand is located along the boundary between the Australian and Pacific plates. Although there are numerous faults associated with this plate boundary setting, few have ruptured during the nearly 200 years of E ...
Seismic Waves - Earth Science with Mrs. Wilson
... they are traveling. This creates a back and forth movement on the Earth's surface. This is just like sound waves pushing and pulling the air. Have you ever heard a big clap of thunder and heard the windows rattle at the same time? The windows rattle because the sound waves were pushing and pulling o ...
... they are traveling. This creates a back and forth movement on the Earth's surface. This is just like sound waves pushing and pulling the air. Have you ever heard a big clap of thunder and heard the windows rattle at the same time? The windows rattle because the sound waves were pushing and pulling o ...
Seismic Waves
... they are traveling. This creates a back and forth movement on the Earth's surface. This is just like sound waves pushing and pulling the air. Have you ever heard a big clap of thunder and heard the windows rattle at the same time? The windows rattle because the sound waves were pushing and pulling o ...
... they are traveling. This creates a back and forth movement on the Earth's surface. This is just like sound waves pushing and pulling the air. Have you ever heard a big clap of thunder and heard the windows rattle at the same time? The windows rattle because the sound waves were pushing and pulling o ...
Tectonic evolution and deep to shallow geometry of Nagamachi-Rifu Hiroshi Sato
... the thicker Neogene sediments on the hanging wall rather than on the footwall. The Neogene sedimentary basin was formed by normal faulting in early Miocene under an extensional stress regime associated with the formation of the northern Honshu rift system. Due to shortening deformation since the Pli ...
... the thicker Neogene sediments on the hanging wall rather than on the footwall. The Neogene sedimentary basin was formed by normal faulting in early Miocene under an extensional stress regime associated with the formation of the northern Honshu rift system. Due to shortening deformation since the Pli ...
SeiSmological grand challengeS in UnderStanding earth`S
... societally important applications of the discipline and to address the 10 Grand Challenge research questions requires sustained and expanded support of seismic data acquisition, archival, and distribution facilities. Global and regional seismological networks with a commitment to long-term operation ...
... societally important applications of the discipline and to address the 10 Grand Challenge research questions requires sustained and expanded support of seismic data acquisition, archival, and distribution facilities. Global and regional seismological networks with a commitment to long-term operation ...
Electrical conductivity structure of the Alpine Fault and its
... zone or the root of the Alpine Fault beneath the seismogenic portion of the upper crust are being exhumed [Norris and Cooper, 2007]. This provides a rare opportunity to compare the results of geophysical investigations of a large active fault with material that has passed through the region of the ...
... zone or the root of the Alpine Fault beneath the seismogenic portion of the upper crust are being exhumed [Norris and Cooper, 2007]. This provides a rare opportunity to compare the results of geophysical investigations of a large active fault with material that has passed through the region of the ...
Did deglaciation trigger intraplate seismicity in the New Madrid
... Earlier studies (James and Bent, 1994; Wu and Johnston, 2000) suggested that deglaciation cannot account for the observed late Holocene seismicity increase in the New Madrid area. However, the entire lithosphere was considered to be purely elastic. The above described mechanism of strain accumulatio ...
... Earlier studies (James and Bent, 1994; Wu and Johnston, 2000) suggested that deglaciation cannot account for the observed late Holocene seismicity increase in the New Madrid area. However, the entire lithosphere was considered to be purely elastic. The above described mechanism of strain accumulatio ...
Front, left to right: Mark Handy, Tuncay Taymaz, Jean
... that, for at least some parts of some subduction zone systems, much interplate deformation occurs neither continuously for years nor suddenly during earthquakes, but rather over days to months. Sometimes these events appear to be quasi-periodic, strain release that makes up a large proportion of the ...
... that, for at least some parts of some subduction zone systems, much interplate deformation occurs neither continuously for years nor suddenly during earthquakes, but rather over days to months. Sometimes these events appear to be quasi-periodic, strain release that makes up a large proportion of the ...
Edexcel A2 Geography sample chapter 8
... Clear, concise definitions of essential key terms are provided on the page where they appear. Key words you need to know are highlighted in bold throughout the book. ...
... Clear, concise definitions of essential key terms are provided on the page where they appear. Key words you need to know are highlighted in bold throughout the book. ...
Relationship between bend‐faulting at trenches and intermediate
... trench was not possible due to the lack of highresolution bathymetric maps of the incoming plate. The comparison of a large number of intraplate events from the trench area with intermediate-depth seismicity cannot be carried out at many subduction zones because instrumentally recorded intraplate tr ...
... trench was not possible due to the lack of highresolution bathymetric maps of the incoming plate. The comparison of a large number of intraplate events from the trench area with intermediate-depth seismicity cannot be carried out at many subduction zones because instrumentally recorded intraplate tr ...
An inverted continental Moho and serpentinization of
... depth, which dips shallowly at ,108. As in an earlier forward modelling study employing the same data set3, this layer is associated with the oceanic crust of the subducting Juan de Fuca plate. By 45 km depth, the oceanic Moho (lower boundary of oceanic crust) dips more steeply (,308) and exhibits a ...
... depth, which dips shallowly at ,108. As in an earlier forward modelling study employing the same data set3, this layer is associated with the oceanic crust of the subducting Juan de Fuca plate. By 45 km depth, the oceanic Moho (lower boundary of oceanic crust) dips more steeply (,308) and exhibits a ...
Lateral structural variations of Poisson`s ratio and attenuation
... The velocity values obtained for all of the 17 regions seen in Fig. 4 are displayed on the lefthand side, the attenuation coefficients can be seen on the right, and the velocity and attenuation coefficient values calculated for the whole region are shown at the very bottom. Poisson’s values can be o ...
... The velocity values obtained for all of the 17 regions seen in Fig. 4 are displayed on the lefthand side, the attenuation coefficients can be seen on the right, and the velocity and attenuation coefficient values calculated for the whole region are shown at the very bottom. Poisson’s values can be o ...
Subsurface Geophysical Surveying in Archaeology
... Laboratory — Mon. 4:00-6:00 afternoon in 62 1B ...
... Laboratory — Mon. 4:00-6:00 afternoon in 62 1B ...
Stress-dependent power-law flow in the upper mantle following the
... deformation following the 2002, M7.9 Denali, Alaska earthquake to directly infer the viscous strength of the upper mantle, finding a rheology consistent with a laboratory-derived, stress-dependent, power-law for hot, wet olivine. An earthquake can be used as a large rock deformation experiment in wh ...
... deformation following the 2002, M7.9 Denali, Alaska earthquake to directly infer the viscous strength of the upper mantle, finding a rheology consistent with a laboratory-derived, stress-dependent, power-law for hot, wet olivine. An earthquake can be used as a large rock deformation experiment in wh ...
Capturing magma intrusion and faulting processes during
... 3 km wide, 50 km long swath that curves into the SE flank of Dabbahu volcano; a second strand continues to the north toward Gab’ho volcano. Considering the 8 m of opening in the September crisis, we interpret the depth distribution of microseismicity as the dyke intrusion zone; the dykes rise from 1 ...
... 3 km wide, 50 km long swath that curves into the SE flank of Dabbahu volcano; a second strand continues to the north toward Gab’ho volcano. Considering the 8 m of opening in the September crisis, we interpret the depth distribution of microseismicity as the dyke intrusion zone; the dykes rise from 1 ...
Earthquake
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the perceptible shaking of the surface of the Earth, which can be violent enough to destroy major buildings and kill thousands of people. The severity of the shaking can range from barely felt to violent enough to toss people around. Earthquakes have destroyed whole cities. They result from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The seismicity, seismism or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers. The moment magnitude is the most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for the entire globe. The more numerous earthquakes smaller than magnitude 5 reported by national seismological observatories are measured mostly on the local magnitude scale, also referred to as the Richter magnitude scale. These two scales are numerically similar over their range of validity. Magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes are mostly almost imperceptible or weak and magnitude 7 and over potentially cause serious damage over larger areas, depending on their depth. The largest earthquakes in historic times have been of magnitude slightly over 9, although there is no limit to the possible magnitude. The most recent large earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or larger was a 9.0 magnitude earthquake in Japan in 2011 (as of March 2014), and it was the largest Japanese earthquake since records began. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. The shallower an earthquake, the more damage to structures it causes, all else being equal.At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity.In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether natural or caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.