STRIKE-SLIP AND OBLIQUE
... STRIKE-SLIP AND OBLIQUE-SLIP TECTONICS Strike–slip faulting is a common mode of deformation in both continental and oceanic crust and occurs at a wide range of scales. Strike slip systems are relatively narrow and subvertical wrench zones along which two adjacent blocks move sideways, horizontally, ...
... STRIKE-SLIP AND OBLIQUE-SLIP TECTONICS Strike–slip faulting is a common mode of deformation in both continental and oceanic crust and occurs at a wide range of scales. Strike slip systems are relatively narrow and subvertical wrench zones along which two adjacent blocks move sideways, horizontally, ...
Mapping the evolving strain field during continental breakup from
... the strike of dominant Earth structures, and is not always perpendicular to SHmin inferred from current rift opening. This, combined with evidence that anisotropy is relatively evenly distributed with depth (Fig. 2) and the lack of temporal variations in splitting parameters, suggest that structure- ...
... the strike of dominant Earth structures, and is not always perpendicular to SHmin inferred from current rift opening. This, combined with evidence that anisotropy is relatively evenly distributed with depth (Fig. 2) and the lack of temporal variations in splitting parameters, suggest that structure- ...
Geophys. J. Int. 2015 Palacios 1084 100
... are explained or not by common sources. The seismic noise signals at Tungurahua’s stations have been selected without cultural sources, choosing in time domain those traces that are as uniform as possible and with minimum amplitude during quiescent periods. High frequency content, that is characteri ...
... are explained or not by common sources. The seismic noise signals at Tungurahua’s stations have been selected without cultural sources, choosing in time domain those traces that are as uniform as possible and with minimum amplitude during quiescent periods. High frequency content, that is characteri ...
•Earthquakes and Tectonics •Rupture mechanics and modelling
... (Ss) to drop (Ds=stress drop) close to dynamic friction. This stress change is caused by slip along the rupture surface ...
... (Ss) to drop (Ds=stress drop) close to dynamic friction. This stress change is caused by slip along the rupture surface ...
Nakajima_etal_GRL200.. - Research School of Earth Sciences
... [7] Figure 3 shows that a layer of extremely low S-wave velocities (<4.5 km/s) with a thickness of !10 km exists at the uppermost part of the Pacific slab. Earthquakes in the upper plane of the double seismic zone [Hasegawa et al., 1978] occur mainly in the layer and S-wave velocities of <4.5 km/s a ...
... [7] Figure 3 shows that a layer of extremely low S-wave velocities (<4.5 km/s) with a thickness of !10 km exists at the uppermost part of the Pacific slab. Earthquakes in the upper plane of the double seismic zone [Hasegawa et al., 1978] occur mainly in the layer and S-wave velocities of <4.5 km/s a ...
Critical behavior in earthquake energy dissipation
... work compares the predictions of a theory of nonequilibrium phase transitions with nonstandard statistical signatures of earthquake complex scaling behaviors. For temporal scales less than than 84 h, time development of earthquake radiated energy activity follows an algebraic arrangement consistent ...
... work compares the predictions of a theory of nonequilibrium phase transitions with nonstandard statistical signatures of earthquake complex scaling behaviors. For temporal scales less than than 84 h, time development of earthquake radiated energy activity follows an algebraic arrangement consistent ...
Seismic and aseismic deformation along the East African Rift
... blocks (Fig. 1). The extensive deformation shows different stages, from intracontinental extension, continental break-up, to eventually incipient oceanic spreading in northern Afar (Hayward & Ebinger 1996; Ebinger & Casey 2001; Chorowicz 2005; Delvaux & Barth 2010). The geological models, which prov ...
... blocks (Fig. 1). The extensive deformation shows different stages, from intracontinental extension, continental break-up, to eventually incipient oceanic spreading in northern Afar (Hayward & Ebinger 1996; Ebinger & Casey 2001; Chorowicz 2005; Delvaux & Barth 2010). The geological models, which prov ...
Mud volcanoes in the Khar Argalantyn Nuruu, NW Gobi Altay
... sudden events such as earthquakes or floods causing rapid increase in strain in rocks or abrupt change in piezometric pressure in aquifers. In contrast to the previous two groups of mud volcanoes, the material ejected to the surface is derived from shallow depths, usually only a few tens of metres. ...
... sudden events such as earthquakes or floods causing rapid increase in strain in rocks or abrupt change in piezometric pressure in aquifers. In contrast to the previous two groups of mud volcanoes, the material ejected to the surface is derived from shallow depths, usually only a few tens of metres. ...
PDF
... hysteretic behavior. A set of twenty ground motions from large magnitude earthquakes recorded at medium distances from the source is used to conduct Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) for assessing its seismic capacity. The seismic performance of the sample building is described in terms of yield an ...
... hysteretic behavior. A set of twenty ground motions from large magnitude earthquakes recorded at medium distances from the source is used to conduct Incremental Dynamic Analysis (IDA) for assessing its seismic capacity. The seismic performance of the sample building is described in terms of yield an ...
Local earthquake tomography of central Costa Rica
... from the trench to the volcanic front (Fig. 2). It thus covers the forearc area of the seamount subduction province as well as its border to the Osa segment. By applying joint on- and offshore local earthquake tomography, we investigate the following points related to the question of stress transfer ...
... from the trench to the volcanic front (Fig. 2). It thus covers the forearc area of the seamount subduction province as well as its border to the Osa segment. By applying joint on- and offshore local earthquake tomography, we investigate the following points related to the question of stress transfer ...
Title Glossary of interest to earthquake and engineering
... Lee, 2003, for the International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology (see Lee et al., 2003); 3) now widely used in some rapidly developing new fields such as rotational seismology, (compiled by Lee, 2009). The following glossary includes some 1,500 specialized terms. Not included were ...
... Lee, 2003, for the International Handbook of Earthquake and Engineering Seismology (see Lee et al., 2003); 3) now widely used in some rapidly developing new fields such as rotational seismology, (compiled by Lee, 2009). The following glossary includes some 1,500 specialized terms. Not included were ...
ARTICLE IN PRESS
... used data from the national seismographic network maintained by Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau (hereafter called CWB), in order to obtain threedimensional images of body wave attenuation. The results showed high P- and S-wave attenuation at the first 15 km beneath TVG (Q ∼ 90–200) that the authors ...
... used data from the national seismographic network maintained by Taiwan's Central Weather Bureau (hereafter called CWB), in order to obtain threedimensional images of body wave attenuation. The results showed high P- and S-wave attenuation at the first 15 km beneath TVG (Q ∼ 90–200) that the authors ...
Temporal changes in seismic velocity of the crust around Iwate... as inferred from analyses of repeated active seismic experiment data
... seismic areas (e.g., Hiramatsu et al., 2000; Saiga et al., 2003; Tadokoro and Ando, 2002). Repeated seismic reflection measurements in the Kakkonda geothermal area also found structure changes around micro-seismic zones (Matsushima et al., 2004). These previous studies indicate that temporal changes ...
... seismic areas (e.g., Hiramatsu et al., 2000; Saiga et al., 2003; Tadokoro and Ando, 2002). Repeated seismic reflection measurements in the Kakkonda geothermal area also found structure changes around micro-seismic zones (Matsushima et al., 2004). These previous studies indicate that temporal changes ...
Listric Thrust Faulting in the Laramide Front of North
... New seismic reflection images and structural analyses of the Laramide front in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of northern New Mexico indicate the importance of listric faulting and basement weaknesses in basement-involved foreland structures. At the surface, recumbent faultpropagation folds with wes ...
... New seismic reflection images and structural analyses of the Laramide front in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of northern New Mexico indicate the importance of listric faulting and basement weaknesses in basement-involved foreland structures. At the surface, recumbent faultpropagation folds with wes ...
Geological Society, London, Special Publications
... interpreted as fault strands that accommodated higher strain than the surrounding mélange due to the total destruction of the original bedding and transposition or destruction of previous mélange fabrics. Ultrafine-grained black fault rocks (BFRs) lie in well-defined faults cross-cutting the catac ...
... interpreted as fault strands that accommodated higher strain than the surrounding mélange due to the total destruction of the original bedding and transposition or destruction of previous mélange fabrics. Ultrafine-grained black fault rocks (BFRs) lie in well-defined faults cross-cutting the catac ...
Seismic Waves NOTES.notebook
... elastic once the ____________ __________ is passed elastic rebound Release of this energy is called ___________ ____________ ...
... elastic once the ____________ __________ is passed elastic rebound Release of this energy is called ___________ ____________ ...
V structural models associated with
... determined using selected high-resolution earthquake data from an island-wide seismic network and two local seismic arrays. Lateral structural variations in the upper crust, as also evident from surface geology, are responsible for the observed large traveltime residuals or station corrections. Prio ...
... determined using selected high-resolution earthquake data from an island-wide seismic network and two local seismic arrays. Lateral structural variations in the upper crust, as also evident from surface geology, are responsible for the observed large traveltime residuals or station corrections. Prio ...
(PDF 8mb)
... south-central Alaska. Additionally, many of these faults are recognized as active during the Holocene, and thus represent potential seismogenic sources. However, many of the major active crustal faults in Alaska with clear evidence of recurrent Holocene earthquakes have been seismically quiet during ...
... south-central Alaska. Additionally, many of these faults are recognized as active during the Holocene, and thus represent potential seismogenic sources. However, many of the major active crustal faults in Alaska with clear evidence of recurrent Holocene earthquakes have been seismically quiet during ...
1 Apparent vertical Moho offsets under continental strike
... zone of deformation [e.g. Wilson et al., 2004]; (iii) localized faults (a few km wide at most) cut through the entire crust or even the entire lithosphere including the lithospheric mantle [e.g. Meyer et al., 1998]. Recent observations of tremor and low-frequency earthquakes near Parkfield on the S ...
... zone of deformation [e.g. Wilson et al., 2004]; (iii) localized faults (a few km wide at most) cut through the entire crust or even the entire lithosphere including the lithospheric mantle [e.g. Meyer et al., 1998]. Recent observations of tremor and low-frequency earthquakes near Parkfield on the S ...
tsunamiDescription
... Time is plotted along the horizontal axis and water level is plotted on the vertical axis. Note the normal rise and fall of the ocean surface, caused by tides, during the early part of this record. Then recorded are a few waves a little larger than normal followed by several much larger waves. In ma ...
... Time is plotted along the horizontal axis and water level is plotted on the vertical axis. Note the normal rise and fall of the ocean surface, caused by tides, during the early part of this record. Then recorded are a few waves a little larger than normal followed by several much larger waves. In ma ...
Activity— Foam Faults - Cascadia Earthscope Earthquake and
... 1B. This procedure is best performed by holding the blocks “in the air” in front of you, supporting the model by the two outer blocks, rather than on a table. Note that as the two outer blocks are moved apart, the inner block drops downward or “subsides.” This relationship between extensional mot ...
... 1B. This procedure is best performed by holding the blocks “in the air” in front of you, supporting the model by the two outer blocks, rather than on a table. Note that as the two outer blocks are moved apart, the inner block drops downward or “subsides.” This relationship between extensional mot ...
Seismic evidence for a chemical heterogeneity in the midmantle: A
... cluster of deep earthquakes that occurred at the northern Mariana subduction zone. This phase (1) shows a P wave particle motion, (2) arrives later from earthquakes with shallower focal depths, (3) has a steeper incident angle than that of P wave, and (4) shows a deviation of a few degrees in the ar ...
... cluster of deep earthquakes that occurred at the northern Mariana subduction zone. This phase (1) shows a P wave particle motion, (2) arrives later from earthquakes with shallower focal depths, (3) has a steeper incident angle than that of P wave, and (4) shows a deviation of a few degrees in the ar ...
Coda Q for the Sri Lankan Precambrian crust
... Sri Lanka is located in northern Indian Ocean more than thousand kilometres away from major plate boundaries. The country’s location is often considered as aseismic, though, in many cases, the surrounding oceanic crust especially towards south southeast directions has been identified to be subjected ...
... Sri Lanka is located in northern Indian Ocean more than thousand kilometres away from major plate boundaries. The country’s location is often considered as aseismic, though, in many cases, the surrounding oceanic crust especially towards south southeast directions has been identified to be subjected ...
Teaching About Plate Tectonics and Faulting Using Foam
... 1B. This procedure is best performed by holding the blocks “in the air” in front of you, supporting the model by the two outer blocks, rather than on a table. Note that as the two outer blocks are moved apart, the inner block drops downward or “subsides.” This relationship between extensional mot ...
... 1B. This procedure is best performed by holding the blocks “in the air” in front of you, supporting the model by the two outer blocks, rather than on a table. Note that as the two outer blocks are moved apart, the inner block drops downward or “subsides.” This relationship between extensional mot ...
Hydrated subducted crust at 100^250 km depth
... First, these ¢nite-di¡erence simulations show that waveguides are e¡ectively excited only when sources are within 1^2 times the LVL thickness from its center. Thus, the waveguide phenomenon seen here is generated by earthquakes within a few kilometers of (or within) the LVL, as observed in Japan [11 ...
... First, these ¢nite-di¡erence simulations show that waveguides are e¡ectively excited only when sources are within 1^2 times the LVL thickness from its center. Thus, the waveguide phenomenon seen here is generated by earthquakes within a few kilometers of (or within) the LVL, as observed in Japan [11 ...
Earthquake
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the perceptible shaking of the surface of the Earth, which can be violent enough to destroy major buildings and kill thousands of people. The severity of the shaking can range from barely felt to violent enough to toss people around. Earthquakes have destroyed whole cities. They result from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The seismicity, seismism or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers. The moment magnitude is the most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for the entire globe. The more numerous earthquakes smaller than magnitude 5 reported by national seismological observatories are measured mostly on the local magnitude scale, also referred to as the Richter magnitude scale. These two scales are numerically similar over their range of validity. Magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes are mostly almost imperceptible or weak and magnitude 7 and over potentially cause serious damage over larger areas, depending on their depth. The largest earthquakes in historic times have been of magnitude slightly over 9, although there is no limit to the possible magnitude. The most recent large earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or larger was a 9.0 magnitude earthquake in Japan in 2011 (as of March 2014), and it was the largest Japanese earthquake since records began. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. The shallower an earthquake, the more damage to structures it causes, all else being equal.At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity.In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether natural or caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.