block 2 - Council of Europe
... atmospheric strata determines what course the cyclone will follow. In general, the direction will be toward a region of maximum available energy. The average duration of a tropical cyclone is nine days. During this period it may travel over a distance of 10,000 km. Due to much lower energy supply, i ...
... atmospheric strata determines what course the cyclone will follow. In general, the direction will be toward a region of maximum available energy. The average duration of a tropical cyclone is nine days. During this period it may travel over a distance of 10,000 km. Due to much lower energy supply, i ...
Features of Plate Tectonics
... plate will slide deep into the mantle. In this case, convergence may produce a long chain of volcanic islands known as a volcanic island arc (Figure 12.19B). The islands of Japan and Indonesia and the Aleutian Islands of Alaska are examples of volcanic island arcs. Such regions can experience earthq ...
... plate will slide deep into the mantle. In this case, convergence may produce a long chain of volcanic islands known as a volcanic island arc (Figure 12.19B). The islands of Japan and Indonesia and the Aleutian Islands of Alaska are examples of volcanic island arcs. Such regions can experience earthq ...
seismic isolation of the nunoa capital building, the
... process of the Nazca Plate below the South American continent. This subduction process gives rise to different types of earthquakes, which are classified under the following groups: inter-plate earthquakes (occurring in the contact zone between the Nazca Plate and South American Plate), intermediate ...
... process of the Nazca Plate below the South American continent. This subduction process gives rise to different types of earthquakes, which are classified under the following groups: inter-plate earthquakes (occurring in the contact zone between the Nazca Plate and South American Plate), intermediate ...
Structure
... Brittle & Ductile Behavior in the Crust • Some rocks are brittle and others ductile. • The same rock can be brittle at shallow depths and ductile deep in the crust • A rock formation that would flow as a ductile material if deformed slowly may break as a brittle material if deformed more rapidly. ...
... Brittle & Ductile Behavior in the Crust • Some rocks are brittle and others ductile. • The same rock can be brittle at shallow depths and ductile deep in the crust • A rock formation that would flow as a ductile material if deformed slowly may break as a brittle material if deformed more rapidly. ...
Episodic Tremor and Slip
... seismic signal, the tremor, coincided with the timing of the slip. The key proof that it is indeed generated by a tectonic source is that the signals correlated at several stations over distances of up to 100 km (60 miles), whereas background noise is different at every station. ...
... seismic signal, the tremor, coincided with the timing of the slip. The key proof that it is indeed generated by a tectonic source is that the signals correlated at several stations over distances of up to 100 km (60 miles), whereas background noise is different at every station. ...
3. Anatomy of recently active convergent plate - diss.fu
... cannot occur in the stable zone, because elastic strain is relaxed by aseismic creep. Earthquakes only nucleate within unstable regions, but they can also propagate into conditionally stable areas (Scholz 1998, Moore and Saffer 2001). The distribution of stable, unstable and conditional stable regio ...
... cannot occur in the stable zone, because elastic strain is relaxed by aseismic creep. Earthquakes only nucleate within unstable regions, but they can also propagate into conditionally stable areas (Scholz 1998, Moore and Saffer 2001). The distribution of stable, unstable and conditional stable regio ...
3-Component Seismograph
... Compression—fractional decrease of volume due to pressure. Earthquake—shaking or trembling of the earth that accompanies rock movements extending anywhere from the crust to 680 km below the Earth’s surface. It is the release of stored elastic energy caused by sudden fracture and movement of rocks in ...
... Compression—fractional decrease of volume due to pressure. Earthquake—shaking or trembling of the earth that accompanies rock movements extending anywhere from the crust to 680 km below the Earth’s surface. It is the release of stored elastic energy caused by sudden fracture and movement of rocks in ...
DISTRIBUTION OF PEAK HORIZONTAL ACCELERATION AND
... Arrays at Chiba Experiment Station The Chiba Experiment Station is located about 30 km east of Tokyo, Japan, and consists of strong motion instruments spread over an area of about 85,000 square meters (Nagata et al., 1990; Pitilakis et al., 1996). Downhole arrays were installed at 15 locations. Typ ...
... Arrays at Chiba Experiment Station The Chiba Experiment Station is located about 30 km east of Tokyo, Japan, and consists of strong motion instruments spread over an area of about 85,000 square meters (Nagata et al., 1990; Pitilakis et al., 1996). Downhole arrays were installed at 15 locations. Typ ...
Waves, Waves, Waves!
... Slowest of the seismic waves (travel at around 3 km/s) Produced by the interaction of P- and S-waves at the Earth’s surface Can be used to characterize the Earth’s interior and oil deposits ...
... Slowest of the seismic waves (travel at around 3 km/s) Produced by the interaction of P- and S-waves at the Earth’s surface Can be used to characterize the Earth’s interior and oil deposits ...
Depth-varying rupture properties of subduction zone megathrust faults
... motions with spatially varying sliding behavior. The 2004 Sumatra-Andaman (Mw 9.2), 2010 Chile (Mw 8.8), and 2011 Tohoku (Mw 9.0) great earthquakes had similar depth variations in seismic wave radiation across their wide rupture zones – coherent teleseismic short-period radiation preferentially eman ...
... motions with spatially varying sliding behavior. The 2004 Sumatra-Andaman (Mw 9.2), 2010 Chile (Mw 8.8), and 2011 Tohoku (Mw 9.0) great earthquakes had similar depth variations in seismic wave radiation across their wide rupture zones – coherent teleseismic short-period radiation preferentially eman ...
Part 1
... and a normal fault forms (Figure 2). In this situation, the crust actually extends and lengthens. When rocks break under compressional stress, the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall, and a reverse fault forms (Figure 3). In a reverse, the crust is shortened. Thrust faults (Figure 4) are ...
... and a normal fault forms (Figure 2). In this situation, the crust actually extends and lengthens. When rocks break under compressional stress, the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall, and a reverse fault forms (Figure 3). In a reverse, the crust is shortened. Thrust faults (Figure 4) are ...
Direct evidence of active deformation in the eastern Indian oceanic
... ridge and possible intraplate deformation. We surveyed two segments of the Wharton fossil ridge axis and associated transforms (Fig. 1). No evidence of compression comparable to the one observed in the Central Indian Basin (Weissel et al., 1980; Bull and Scrutton, 1990; Chamot-Rooke et al., 1993) ha ...
... ridge and possible intraplate deformation. We surveyed two segments of the Wharton fossil ridge axis and associated transforms (Fig. 1). No evidence of compression comparable to the one observed in the Central Indian Basin (Weissel et al., 1980; Bull and Scrutton, 1990; Chamot-Rooke et al., 1993) ha ...
The Science of Tsunamis
... The Indo-Australian plate, which played a key role in the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, comprises both continental and oceanic crust. The landmasses of India and Australia make up the majority of the continental portion, while the oceanic segment lies beneath the Indian Ocean. According to theory (and ...
... The Indo-Australian plate, which played a key role in the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, comprises both continental and oceanic crust. The landmasses of India and Australia make up the majority of the continental portion, while the oceanic segment lies beneath the Indian Ocean. According to theory (and ...
A series of faults are exposed along the west wall of Hooker Valley
... but NE-SW near the faults. Red argillite containing Atomodesma fragments indicates some strata are Permian, intercalated within Triassic rocks [Waterhouse, ...
... but NE-SW near the faults. Red argillite containing Atomodesma fragments indicates some strata are Permian, intercalated within Triassic rocks [Waterhouse, ...
Contributions of poroelastic rebound and a weak volcanic arc to the
... Here we focus on modeling the postseismic deformation following the 11 March 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku earthquake in NE Japan (Pollitz et al., 2011; Ozawa et al., 2012; Iinuma et al., 2012), exploring the role of fluids in earthquake cycle deformation. Specifically, we consider (1) the contribution of fluid ...
... Here we focus on modeling the postseismic deformation following the 11 March 2011 Mw9.0 Tohoku earthquake in NE Japan (Pollitz et al., 2011; Ozawa et al., 2012; Iinuma et al., 2012), exploring the role of fluids in earthquake cycle deformation. Specifically, we consider (1) the contribution of fluid ...
Faulting and hydration of the Juan de Fuca plate system
... largely restricted to crustal levels. If dehydration embrittlement is an important mechanism for triggering intermediate-depth earthquakes within the subducting slab, then the limited occurrence rate and magnitude of intraslab seismicity at the Cascadia margin may in part be explained by the limited ...
... largely restricted to crustal levels. If dehydration embrittlement is an important mechanism for triggering intermediate-depth earthquakes within the subducting slab, then the limited occurrence rate and magnitude of intraslab seismicity at the Cascadia margin may in part be explained by the limited ...
Faulting and hydration of the Juan de Fuca plate system
... largely restricted to crustal levels. If dehydration embrittlement is an important mechanism for triggering intermediate-depth earthquakes within the subducting slab, then the limited occurrence rate and magnitude of intraslab seismicity at the Cascadia margin may in part be explained by the limited ...
... largely restricted to crustal levels. If dehydration embrittlement is an important mechanism for triggering intermediate-depth earthquakes within the subducting slab, then the limited occurrence rate and magnitude of intraslab seismicity at the Cascadia margin may in part be explained by the limited ...
Chapters 12 Take-Home Quiz
... 5. When geologist talk about the _____________ of a rock layer, they refer to a compass direction measured parallel to the earth's surface. 6. When geologist talk about the _____________ of a rock layer, they mean the tilt or angle of the layer, measured down from the horizontal plane. 7. If a geolo ...
... 5. When geologist talk about the _____________ of a rock layer, they refer to a compass direction measured parallel to the earth's surface. 6. When geologist talk about the _____________ of a rock layer, they mean the tilt or angle of the layer, measured down from the horizontal plane. 7. If a geolo ...
strike_slip group 5 - Stanford Exploration Project
... Six main type of strike-slip basins can be defined on the basis of their fault patterns and mechanisms of formation. The basins form in diverse tectonic settings and are commonly deformed and reformed as fault blocks rise, fall, converge, diverge, and are laterally translated in space and time. M ...
... Six main type of strike-slip basins can be defined on the basis of their fault patterns and mechanisms of formation. The basins form in diverse tectonic settings and are commonly deformed and reformed as fault blocks rise, fall, converge, diverge, and are laterally translated in space and time. M ...
Questions for any rock face 8: faults What
... Normal faults are caused by tension, causing one block to slide down past another, usually at angles of more than 60o. Reverse faults are caused by compression, causing one block to slide up over another, usually at angles of less than 60o. Low angle reverse faults (usually less than 10o to th ...
... Normal faults are caused by tension, causing one block to slide down past another, usually at angles of more than 60o. Reverse faults are caused by compression, causing one block to slide up over another, usually at angles of less than 60o. Low angle reverse faults (usually less than 10o to th ...
Low seismic-wave speeds and enhanced fluid
... traction on the fault and Pf is the fluid pressure. An increase in fluid pressure can, therefore, cause a corresponding decrease in the differential stress required for shear failure on a fault, or an array of faults making up a fault zone (Rice, 1992). Beneath the central Southern Alps, the maximum ...
... traction on the fault and Pf is the fluid pressure. An increase in fluid pressure can, therefore, cause a corresponding decrease in the differential stress required for shear failure on a fault, or an array of faults making up a fault zone (Rice, 1992). Beneath the central Southern Alps, the maximum ...
seismic performance evaluation of existing rc structures
... urbanization created by the population coming from the rural areas increases the number of large cities on the one hand and causes serious problems from the viewpoint of sound urbanization in the large metropolises on the other hand. As a result of this, the recent earthquakes that hit the densely p ...
... urbanization created by the population coming from the rural areas increases the number of large cities on the one hand and causes serious problems from the viewpoint of sound urbanization in the large metropolises on the other hand. As a result of this, the recent earthquakes that hit the densely p ...
poster about Tsunami here.
... 2, Evacuation zone: this zone identifies all land above 20 metres in elevation, and has been developed by Councils and emergency services to provide an indication of safe areas in the event of a worst-case scenario (magnitude 9.4 event on the Tonga-Kermadec Trench). It is anticipated that the inunda ...
... 2, Evacuation zone: this zone identifies all land above 20 metres in elevation, and has been developed by Councils and emergency services to provide an indication of safe areas in the event of a worst-case scenario (magnitude 9.4 event on the Tonga-Kermadec Trench). It is anticipated that the inunda ...
I. Normal Faults A. Characteristics 1. Defined a. Inclined dip
... Basin and range of Western U.S. Triassic Rift Basins of Eastern U.S. ...
... Basin and range of Western U.S. Triassic Rift Basins of Eastern U.S. ...
Theory of Response Spectrum Analysis
... The basis of engineering seismology is the need to quantify how a given structure will respond to complex ground motions. The structure’s response is determined by its mass and stiffness distributions. For example, stiff buildings will experience low accelerations relative to the ground. Tall buildi ...
... The basis of engineering seismology is the need to quantify how a given structure will respond to complex ground motions. The structure’s response is determined by its mass and stiffness distributions. For example, stiff buildings will experience low accelerations relative to the ground. Tall buildi ...
Earthquake
An earthquake (also known as a quake, tremor or temblor) is the perceptible shaking of the surface of the Earth, which can be violent enough to destroy major buildings and kill thousands of people. The severity of the shaking can range from barely felt to violent enough to toss people around. Earthquakes have destroyed whole cities. They result from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. The seismicity, seismism or seismic activity of an area refers to the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time.Earthquakes are measured using observations from seismometers. The moment magnitude is the most common scale on which earthquakes larger than approximately 5 are reported for the entire globe. The more numerous earthquakes smaller than magnitude 5 reported by national seismological observatories are measured mostly on the local magnitude scale, also referred to as the Richter magnitude scale. These two scales are numerically similar over their range of validity. Magnitude 3 or lower earthquakes are mostly almost imperceptible or weak and magnitude 7 and over potentially cause serious damage over larger areas, depending on their depth. The largest earthquakes in historic times have been of magnitude slightly over 9, although there is no limit to the possible magnitude. The most recent large earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or larger was a 9.0 magnitude earthquake in Japan in 2011 (as of March 2014), and it was the largest Japanese earthquake since records began. Intensity of shaking is measured on the modified Mercalli scale. The shallower an earthquake, the more damage to structures it causes, all else being equal.At the Earth's surface, earthquakes manifest themselves by shaking and sometimes displacement of the ground. When the epicenter of a large earthquake is located offshore, the seabed may be displaced sufficiently to cause a tsunami. Earthquakes can also trigger landslides, and occasionally volcanic activity.In its most general sense, the word earthquake is used to describe any seismic event — whether natural or caused by humans — that generates seismic waves. Earthquakes are caused mostly by rupture of geological faults, but also by other events such as volcanic activity, landslides, mine blasts, and nuclear tests. An earthquake's point of initial rupture is called its focus or hypocenter. The epicenter is the point at ground level directly above the hypocenter.