Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry
... Aconitase catalyzes the transformation of citrate to isocitrate ...
... Aconitase catalyzes the transformation of citrate to isocitrate ...
At the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games, David Davies won the silver
... the duration of a task. 1. Identify each of the energy systems A, B and C. (2 marks) 2. Explain how the differing energy sources of these systems are used during: * (i) a series of javelin throws; (2 marks) * (ii) a long-distance run of increasing intensity. (4 marks) ...
... the duration of a task. 1. Identify each of the energy systems A, B and C. (2 marks) 2. Explain how the differing energy sources of these systems are used during: * (i) a series of javelin throws; (2 marks) * (ii) a long-distance run of increasing intensity. (4 marks) ...
Anaerobic and Aerobic Glycolysis
... of glycolysis is routed to produce lactate. It occurs at times when energy is required in the absence of oxygen. It is vital for tissues with high energy requirements, insufficient oxygen supply or absence of oxidative enzymes. Glycolysis produces reduced forms of NAD in the energy generation phase. ...
... of glycolysis is routed to produce lactate. It occurs at times when energy is required in the absence of oxygen. It is vital for tissues with high energy requirements, insufficient oxygen supply or absence of oxidative enzymes. Glycolysis produces reduced forms of NAD in the energy generation phase. ...
BY 330 Spring 2015Worksheet 4 Name the substrate ligand and
... levels of ATP are high while the levels of ADP and AMP are lower, respectively. (The graph Dr. Watts drew might help to explain this). It is important to maintain a normal energy charge, otherwise the cell will need to make more energy. For example, if the levels of ATP in the cell decrease and the ...
... levels of ATP are high while the levels of ADP and AMP are lower, respectively. (The graph Dr. Watts drew might help to explain this). It is important to maintain a normal energy charge, otherwise the cell will need to make more energy. For example, if the levels of ATP in the cell decrease and the ...
313EnergyProduction
... • electron transport chain – glycolysis produces H+ (too acidic) • FADH2 and NADH transport H+ to electron transport chain • H+ split into protons and electrons • phosphorylation produces ATP • H+ + O2 H2O expelled ...
... • electron transport chain – glycolysis produces H+ (too acidic) • FADH2 and NADH transport H+ to electron transport chain • H+ split into protons and electrons • phosphorylation produces ATP • H+ + O2 H2O expelled ...
Glycolysis Embden-Meyerhoff pathway
... Used for energy production • Production of intermediates for other pathways • Found in tissues with limited blood supply ...
... Used for energy production • Production of intermediates for other pathways • Found in tissues with limited blood supply ...
fermentation & evolution
... • Muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce. • The waste product, lactate, may cause muscle fatigue, but ultimately it is converted back to pyruvate in the liver. Fig. 9.17b Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benja ...
... • Muscle cells switch from aerobic respiration to lactic acid fermentation to generate ATP when O2 is scarce. • The waste product, lactate, may cause muscle fatigue, but ultimately it is converted back to pyruvate in the liver. Fig. 9.17b Copyright © 2002 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benja ...
Lactic Acid : Brief History
... form lactate. If this did not occur, gl ycol ysis would come to a stop. However, lactate is continuall y formed even at rest and during moderate exercise. This occurs due to metabolism in red blood cells that lack mitochondria, and limitations resulting from the enz yme activit y that occurs in musc ...
... form lactate. If this did not occur, gl ycol ysis would come to a stop. However, lactate is continuall y formed even at rest and during moderate exercise. This occurs due to metabolism in red blood cells that lack mitochondria, and limitations resulting from the enz yme activit y that occurs in musc ...
Chapter 16 solutions
... Reduce, reuse, recycle. In the conversion of glucose into two molecules of lactate, the NADH generated earlier in the pathway is oxidized to NAD+. Why is it not to the cells advantage to simply make more NAD+ so that the regeneration would not be necessary? After all, the cell would save much energy ...
... Reduce, reuse, recycle. In the conversion of glucose into two molecules of lactate, the NADH generated earlier in the pathway is oxidized to NAD+. Why is it not to the cells advantage to simply make more NAD+ so that the regeneration would not be necessary? After all, the cell would save much energy ...
Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 4 ADP + 2 GDP + 6 P Glucose + 2 NAD+ + 4
... o Pyruvate and lactate produced returned to liver and kidney ...
... o Pyruvate and lactate produced returned to liver and kidney ...
Nov_16
... o Shunting enzymes from 1 and 2 to 3 o Ability to receive protons and electrons (the double bond O indicates this!) o Purpose of side chain is to anchor it.. Glycolysis and Krebs cycle step by step? Do we need to know all the enzyme? o The more you understand, the better it is o Break down and under ...
... o Shunting enzymes from 1 and 2 to 3 o Ability to receive protons and electrons (the double bond O indicates this!) o Purpose of side chain is to anchor it.. Glycolysis and Krebs cycle step by step? Do we need to know all the enzyme? o The more you understand, the better it is o Break down and under ...
The bridge between glycolysis and the citric acid (Krebs) cycle
... Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: • noncovalent assembly of three different enzymes which catalyze successive steps in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA • the active sites of all three enzymes are close to one another • the product of the first enzyme is the substrate for the second enzyme and ...
... Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex: • noncovalent assembly of three different enzymes which catalyze successive steps in the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA • the active sites of all three enzymes are close to one another • the product of the first enzyme is the substrate for the second enzyme and ...
Metabolic Pathways and Energy Production
... Pathways for Pyruvate Anaerobic conditions (No O2 available) Reduce to lactate to replenish NAD+ for glycolysis O ...
... Pathways for Pyruvate Anaerobic conditions (No O2 available) Reduce to lactate to replenish NAD+ for glycolysis O ...
Metabolic Pathways a..
... 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH + 2 H+ Two ATP used in adding phosphate groups to glucose and fructose-6-phosphate (- 2 ATP) Four ATP generated in direct transfer to ADP by two 3C molecules (+ 4 ATP) Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ 2pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ ...
... 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH + 2 H+ Two ATP used in adding phosphate groups to glucose and fructose-6-phosphate (- 2 ATP) Four ATP generated in direct transfer to ADP by two 3C molecules (+ 4 ATP) Glucose + 2 ADP + 2 Pi + 2 NAD+ 2pyruvate + 2 ATP + 2 NADH + 2 H+ ...
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle
... final pathway where oxidative metabolism of CH, AA, FAcarbon skeleton : CO2 & H2O provides energy (ATP) occurs in mitochondriain close proximity to reactions of electron transport AerobicO2 required as the final electron acceptor Participates in synthetic rx/: formation of glucose from car ...
... final pathway where oxidative metabolism of CH, AA, FAcarbon skeleton : CO2 & H2O provides energy (ATP) occurs in mitochondriain close proximity to reactions of electron transport AerobicO2 required as the final electron acceptor Participates in synthetic rx/: formation of glucose from car ...
PowerPoint **
... – Na+/K+ ATPase, use ATP generated by glycolysis – ↓ rate of ATP use by ↓crossbridge cycling, ↓ SR Ca2+ uptake ...
... – Na+/K+ ATPase, use ATP generated by glycolysis – ↓ rate of ATP use by ↓crossbridge cycling, ↓ SR Ca2+ uptake ...
AP Biology Cell Respiration Quiz Study Guide
... 8. Which respiratory process generates the most ATP? 9. Why is ATP such a useful energy storage/transfer molecule? 10. How is the electron transport chain energized? Other practice questions…some of these are relevant for the quiz, but they are more intended to guide your general studying. Choose th ...
... 8. Which respiratory process generates the most ATP? 9. Why is ATP such a useful energy storage/transfer molecule? 10. How is the electron transport chain energized? Other practice questions…some of these are relevant for the quiz, but they are more intended to guide your general studying. Choose th ...
CHE 4310 Fall 2011
... from sunlight by photosynthesis. Will you put the enzymes of the citric acid cycle in this organism? Briefly explain why or why not. ...
... from sunlight by photosynthesis. Will you put the enzymes of the citric acid cycle in this organism? Briefly explain why or why not. ...
CHE 4310 Fall 2011
... from sunlight by photosynthesis. Will you put the enzymes of the citric acid cycle in this organism? Briefly explain why or why not. ...
... from sunlight by photosynthesis. Will you put the enzymes of the citric acid cycle in this organism? Briefly explain why or why not. ...
CHE 4310 Fall 2011
... the breakdown of fructose, lactose, or sucrose are defective. However, there are very few cases of people having a genetic disease in which one of the enzymes of glycolysis is severely affected. Why do you suppose such mutations are seen so rarely? ...
... the breakdown of fructose, lactose, or sucrose are defective. However, there are very few cases of people having a genetic disease in which one of the enzymes of glycolysis is severely affected. Why do you suppose such mutations are seen so rarely? ...
HERE
... Lactic acidosis, the most common form of metabolic acidosis, is characterized by elevation of Lactic Acid, decrease pH and low Bicarbonate concentration in Blood Lactic Acidosis: Overproduction or Underutilization of Lactate, or both Under Hypoxic condition, tissues respond with Increase in An ...
... Lactic acidosis, the most common form of metabolic acidosis, is characterized by elevation of Lactic Acid, decrease pH and low Bicarbonate concentration in Blood Lactic Acidosis: Overproduction or Underutilization of Lactate, or both Under Hypoxic condition, tissues respond with Increase in An ...
Chem 465 Biochemistry II
... complex. It uses TPP to cleave the terminal CO2 from pyruvate and transfers the remaining part of the pyruvate to E2 (Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase) where this acetate group is temporarily attached to lippoate. The acetate is then transferred to free CoASH to make acetyl CoA which diffuses away from ...
... complex. It uses TPP to cleave the terminal CO2 from pyruvate and transfers the remaining part of the pyruvate to E2 (Dihydrolipoyl transacetylase) where this acetate group is temporarily attached to lippoate. The acetate is then transferred to free CoASH to make acetyl CoA which diffuses away from ...
Lactate dehydrogenase
A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells (animals, plants, and prokaryotes). LDH catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate and back, as it converts NADH to NAD+ and back. A dehydrogenase is an enzyme that transfers a hydride from one molecule to another.LDH exist in four distinct enzyme classes. This article is about the common NAD(P)-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase. Other LDHs act on D-lactate and/or are dependent on cytochrome c: D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)) and L-lactate (L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)). LDH has been of medical significance because it is found extensively in body tissues, such as blood cells and heart muscle. Because it is released during tissue damage, it is a marker of common injuries and disease such as heart failure.