Lecture 19 TCA Cycle 1. How pyruvate is converted to acetyl
... are converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). In this complex series of reactions, pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation. First, a carboxyl group is removed as carbon dioxide, which diffuses out of the cell. Then the two-carbon fragment remaining is oxidized, and the hydrogens that were re ...
... are converted to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). In this complex series of reactions, pyruvate undergoes oxidative decarboxylation. First, a carboxyl group is removed as carbon dioxide, which diffuses out of the cell. Then the two-carbon fragment remaining is oxidized, and the hydrogens that were re ...
Testicular Cancers - Surgical Students Society of Melbourne
... Typical case • Young man with painless growth of unilateral teste • On examniation, firm nontender, nontransilluminating mass in one of the testes ...
... Typical case • Young man with painless growth of unilateral teste • On examniation, firm nontender, nontransilluminating mass in one of the testes ...
Presentation
... • AMP and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6BP) relieve the inhibition of PFK-1 by ATP 2. When ATP levels are sufficient, glycolysis activity ...
... • AMP and fructose 2,6-bisphosphate (F2,6BP) relieve the inhibition of PFK-1 by ATP 2. When ATP levels are sufficient, glycolysis activity ...
Clinical usage of enzymes
... hours after MI and return back to normal by 4-6 days after infarct. ...
... hours after MI and return back to normal by 4-6 days after infarct. ...
university of east anglia
... The maximum number of marks available for your answers in SECTION A is 40 marks The maximum number of marks available for your answer in SECTION B is 30 marks The maximum number of marks available for your answer in SECTION C is 30 marks The TOTAL number of marks available for the paper is 100 Numbe ...
... The maximum number of marks available for your answers in SECTION A is 40 marks The maximum number of marks available for your answer in SECTION B is 30 marks The maximum number of marks available for your answer in SECTION C is 30 marks The TOTAL number of marks available for the paper is 100 Numbe ...
Chapter 34 HEIN
... • This polymer breaks down to glucose, which is oxidized to replenish the ATP supply. • Because glucose oxidation is a complex process, muscle contraction must proceed at a slower rate. • This energy supply is only useful for about 2 minutes of work; muscles rapidly deplete their glycogen stores and ...
... • This polymer breaks down to glucose, which is oxidized to replenish the ATP supply. • Because glucose oxidation is a complex process, muscle contraction must proceed at a slower rate. • This energy supply is only useful for about 2 minutes of work; muscles rapidly deplete their glycogen stores and ...
Chem*3560 Lecture 15: Gluconeogenesis
... transporter. The malate is then oxidized in the cytoplasm to provide the NADH that will be needed to reduce 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. There is no transporter for NADH, so it must be generated in the cytoplasm when needed for gluconeogenesis. Once PEP is made and conditions favour gluconeogenesis, the ...
... transporter. The malate is then oxidized in the cytoplasm to provide the NADH that will be needed to reduce 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. There is no transporter for NADH, so it must be generated in the cytoplasm when needed for gluconeogenesis. Once PEP is made and conditions favour gluconeogenesis, the ...
Citric Acid Cycle 1 - Indiana University
... 1. The net effect of the eight steps of the citric acid cycle is to A) completely oxidize an acetyl group to carbon dioxide. B) convert pyruvate to Acetyl CoA. C) produce a citrate molecule D) produce 8 ATP for every pass through the cycle. E) More than one of the above 2. The order of prosthetic g ...
... 1. The net effect of the eight steps of the citric acid cycle is to A) completely oxidize an acetyl group to carbon dioxide. B) convert pyruvate to Acetyl CoA. C) produce a citrate molecule D) produce 8 ATP for every pass through the cycle. E) More than one of the above 2. The order of prosthetic g ...
05 Fermentations 2008
... Why do lactic acid bacteria take over sugar conversion on rich media? : 1) Simple metabolism → fast degradation 2) Amino acids are not synthesized but taken up from the medium → faster growth 3) Strains are existing on substrate (e.g. milk, vegetables) 4) O2 tolerance of strains 5) Production of inh ...
... Why do lactic acid bacteria take over sugar conversion on rich media? : 1) Simple metabolism → fast degradation 2) Amino acids are not synthesized but taken up from the medium → faster growth 3) Strains are existing on substrate (e.g. milk, vegetables) 4) O2 tolerance of strains 5) Production of inh ...
Citric Acid Cycle 1
... 1. The net effect of the eight steps of the citric acid cycle is to A) completely oxidize an acetyl group to carbon dioxide. B) convert pyruvate to Acetyl CoA. C) produce a citrate molecule D) produce 8 ATP for every pass through the cycle. E) More than one of the above 2. The order of prosthetic gr ...
... 1. The net effect of the eight steps of the citric acid cycle is to A) completely oxidize an acetyl group to carbon dioxide. B) convert pyruvate to Acetyl CoA. C) produce a citrate molecule D) produce 8 ATP for every pass through the cycle. E) More than one of the above 2. The order of prosthetic gr ...
Anaerobic Pathways Glycolysis
... – Glucose + 2 ATP → 4 ATP + 2 Pyruvate • No oxygen required • Fairly low energy yield • Lactate byproduct – Resting levels low – Tolerances 40 mmole/kg in humans, 200 mmole/kg in sea turtles – During strenuous exercise levels highest in muscle and liver tissue ...
... – Glucose + 2 ATP → 4 ATP + 2 Pyruvate • No oxygen required • Fairly low energy yield • Lactate byproduct – Resting levels low – Tolerances 40 mmole/kg in humans, 200 mmole/kg in sea turtles – During strenuous exercise levels highest in muscle and liver tissue ...
Biochemistry - Bonham Chemistry
... • Isozymes are different enzymes that catalyze the same reaction • They typically share similar sequences • Their regulation is often different ...
... • Isozymes are different enzymes that catalyze the same reaction • They typically share similar sequences • Their regulation is often different ...
Untangling the Spirals of Metabolic Disease: Primary Diagnoses and Secondary Effects:
... department by his mother, who reports that he has had a cold and fever for the past 2 days. He has been taking only small amounts of juice and no solid foods. When she tried to arouse him after his nap today, he was lethargic and unresponsive. Results of laboratory studies include a glucose concentr ...
... department by his mother, who reports that he has had a cold and fever for the past 2 days. He has been taking only small amounts of juice and no solid foods. When she tried to arouse him after his nap today, he was lethargic and unresponsive. Results of laboratory studies include a glucose concentr ...
Exam 3
... 1. _____All of the following factors contribute to the large negative change in free energy of ATP hydrolysis except A. electrostatic repulsion in the triphosphate unit B. Resonance stabilization of phosphate produced C. Decrease in entropy when one molecule of ATP is made into ADP and Pi D. Stabili ...
... 1. _____All of the following factors contribute to the large negative change in free energy of ATP hydrolysis except A. electrostatic repulsion in the triphosphate unit B. Resonance stabilization of phosphate produced C. Decrease in entropy when one molecule of ATP is made into ADP and Pi D. Stabili ...
Non-competitive
... is synthesized and stored as trypsinogen, which has no enzyme activity. It becomes active only after a six-amino acid fragment is hydrolyzed from the N-terminal end of its chain Removal of this small fragment changes in not only the primary structure but also the tertiary structure, allowing the ...
... is synthesized and stored as trypsinogen, which has no enzyme activity. It becomes active only after a six-amino acid fragment is hydrolyzed from the N-terminal end of its chain Removal of this small fragment changes in not only the primary structure but also the tertiary structure, allowing the ...
Exam #2 BMB 514 – Medical Biochemistry 10/10/11
... E) only affect infants 10) Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) plays an essential role in an exercising muscle, especially when the level of excursion surpasses the ability of circulatory systems ability to supply adequate oxygen. What is the main reason LDH is so important to the muscle under these conditi ...
... E) only affect infants 10) Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) plays an essential role in an exercising muscle, especially when the level of excursion surpasses the ability of circulatory systems ability to supply adequate oxygen. What is the main reason LDH is so important to the muscle under these conditi ...
Anaerobic Pathways Glycolysis Alternate Endpoints
... • No oxygen required • Fairly low energy yield • Lactate byproduct – Resting levels low – Tolerances 40 mmole/kg in humans, 200 mmole/kg in sea turtles – During strenuous exercise levels highest in muscle and liver tissue ...
... • No oxygen required • Fairly low energy yield • Lactate byproduct – Resting levels low – Tolerances 40 mmole/kg in humans, 200 mmole/kg in sea turtles – During strenuous exercise levels highest in muscle and liver tissue ...
Chapter 9
... The 12 E3 proteins form dimers that attach to the 6 faces of E2 cube c) Combining a) and b) forms a 60 subunit complex ...
... The 12 E3 proteins form dimers that attach to the 6 faces of E2 cube c) Combining a) and b) forms a 60 subunit complex ...
Determination the sialic acid in colorectal cancer
... transfer, a phosphate moiety from one group to another, forming an alcohol and a second phosphate compound[10] . This enzyme is present in high concentration in the liver, bone and intestinal epithelium. These tissues each contain specific isoenzymes of ALP [11].The activity of ALP has been ...
... transfer, a phosphate moiety from one group to another, forming an alcohol and a second phosphate compound[10] . This enzyme is present in high concentration in the liver, bone and intestinal epithelium. These tissues each contain specific isoenzymes of ALP [11].The activity of ALP has been ...
Biochem 2 Recitation #2 Spr 20152102105.pptx
... At specific highly exothermic reaction in glycolysis, the reverse reaction is not possible. A second enzyme is necessary that reverses that reaction step. There are three steps of this kind, Pyruvate Kinase, PFK-1/PFK-2, and Hexokinase/Glucokinase. • Non- carbohydrate precursors of glucose via gluc ...
... At specific highly exothermic reaction in glycolysis, the reverse reaction is not possible. A second enzyme is necessary that reverses that reaction step. There are three steps of this kind, Pyruvate Kinase, PFK-1/PFK-2, and Hexokinase/Glucokinase. • Non- carbohydrate precursors of glucose via gluc ...
CHAPTER 5 CELLULAR RESPIRATION
... NEED TO FUNCTION 2 TYPES (SEE P.1 OF PACKET) AEROBIC ANNAEROBIC ...
... NEED TO FUNCTION 2 TYPES (SEE P.1 OF PACKET) AEROBIC ANNAEROBIC ...
design of energy metabolism
... d) Terminal Stage in glycolysis in vertebrates (and some invertebrates, but to a lesser degree) is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase. - Pyruvate Lactate (G favors lactate) 2. Alternative Routes to lactate exist at two points in glycolytic pathway a) Alternative at terminal branch point - In many ...
... d) Terminal Stage in glycolysis in vertebrates (and some invertebrates, but to a lesser degree) is catalyzed by lactate dehydrogenase. - Pyruvate Lactate (G favors lactate) 2. Alternative Routes to lactate exist at two points in glycolytic pathway a) Alternative at terminal branch point - In many ...
Enzyme Kinetics
... • Some E require activators to increase the rate of reaction. • Activators cause activation of E-catalysed reaction by either altering the velocity of the reaction or the equilibrium reached or both. e.g.: • Essential activators: Essential for the reaction to proceed. These are recognised as substra ...
... • Some E require activators to increase the rate of reaction. • Activators cause activation of E-catalysed reaction by either altering the velocity of the reaction or the equilibrium reached or both. e.g.: • Essential activators: Essential for the reaction to proceed. These are recognised as substra ...
The Citric acid cycle (2)
... • It also has a central role in gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and interconversion of amino acids. – So, components of the cycle have a direct or indirect controlling effects in key enzymes of other pathways. ...
... • It also has a central role in gluconeogenesis, lipogenesis, and interconversion of amino acids. – So, components of the cycle have a direct or indirect controlling effects in key enzymes of other pathways. ...
Lactate dehydrogenase
A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells (animals, plants, and prokaryotes). LDH catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate and back, as it converts NADH to NAD+ and back. A dehydrogenase is an enzyme that transfers a hydride from one molecule to another.LDH exist in four distinct enzyme classes. This article is about the common NAD(P)-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase. Other LDHs act on D-lactate and/or are dependent on cytochrome c: D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)) and L-lactate (L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)). LDH has been of medical significance because it is found extensively in body tissues, such as blood cells and heart muscle. Because it is released during tissue damage, it is a marker of common injuries and disease such as heart failure.