Middle-Term Test Paper on Biochemistry
... E. The only mode to yield ATP during glycolysis is phosphorylation at the substrate level 11) Which is the most key enzyme for the glycolysis as following: A. Hexokinase B. Fructose-6-phosphokinase-1 C. Glucose kinase D. Pyruvate kinase E. Fructose-6-phosphokinase-2 12) All the following narrations ...
... E. The only mode to yield ATP during glycolysis is phosphorylation at the substrate level 11) Which is the most key enzyme for the glycolysis as following: A. Hexokinase B. Fructose-6-phosphokinase-1 C. Glucose kinase D. Pyruvate kinase E. Fructose-6-phosphokinase-2 12) All the following narrations ...
lec32_F2015
... Anabolic role: TCA cycle provides starting material for fats and amino acids. Note: carbohydrates cannot be synthesized from acetyl-CoA by humans. PyruvateAcetyl CoA is one way! In contrast to glycolysis, none of the intermediates are phosphorylated; but all are either di- or tricarboxylic acid ...
... Anabolic role: TCA cycle provides starting material for fats and amino acids. Note: carbohydrates cannot be synthesized from acetyl-CoA by humans. PyruvateAcetyl CoA is one way! In contrast to glycolysis, none of the intermediates are phosphorylated; but all are either di- or tricarboxylic acid ...
Catabolic efficiency of aerobic glycolysis: The Warburg effect revisited
... in the presence of oxygen, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. The maintenance of this mixed metabolic phenotype is seemingly counterintuitive given that aerobic glycolysis is far less efficient in terms of ATP yield per moles of glucose than mitochondrial respiration. Results: Here, we resolv ...
... in the presence of oxygen, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. The maintenance of this mixed metabolic phenotype is seemingly counterintuitive given that aerobic glycolysis is far less efficient in terms of ATP yield per moles of glucose than mitochondrial respiration. Results: Here, we resolv ...
Uncoupling Proteins Cellular Metabolism Cellular Metabolism
... Lactate Oxidation 3. Deamination ...
... Lactate Oxidation 3. Deamination ...
Respiratory chain is the most productive pathway to make ATP
... Pyruvate ion is converted to acetyl CoA through a short pathway. Glycolysis makes some ATP also by substrate level phosphorylation under low oxygen conditions. Glycolysis is thus a backup source for ATP at low oxygen environment condition. In the absence of sufficient oxygen the end product of glyco ...
... Pyruvate ion is converted to acetyl CoA through a short pathway. Glycolysis makes some ATP also by substrate level phosphorylation under low oxygen conditions. Glycolysis is thus a backup source for ATP at low oxygen environment condition. In the absence of sufficient oxygen the end product of glyco ...
acetyl CoA
... In aerobic conditions, pyruvate (3 C) is transferred inside the mitochondria, where the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex transforms it into acetylCoA. Pyruvate + NAD+ + CoA ...
... In aerobic conditions, pyruvate (3 C) is transferred inside the mitochondria, where the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex transforms it into acetylCoA. Pyruvate + NAD+ + CoA ...
Fermentation 2015: The ABE process
... form a transient anion that is immediately protonated. The resulting organic product is pyruvate (Pyr, Figure 1). At this point the redox imbalance is apparent. Typically, aerobic respiration allows for the regeneration of NAD+ during the electron transport chain in which oxygen oxidises NADH back i ...
... form a transient anion that is immediately protonated. The resulting organic product is pyruvate (Pyr, Figure 1). At this point the redox imbalance is apparent. Typically, aerobic respiration allows for the regeneration of NAD+ during the electron transport chain in which oxygen oxidises NADH back i ...
The Physiology of Training: Effect on VO2 max, Performance
... increase cross sectional area of tendon/ ligament Increased bone mineral content. Increase mechanical stress on bone = increase bone formation/ density ...
... increase cross sectional area of tendon/ ligament Increased bone mineral content. Increase mechanical stress on bone = increase bone formation/ density ...
What is Dihydropyrimidine Dehydrogenase Deficiency?
... There is no cure for DPD deficiency. Treatment includes supportive care for symptoms. All individuals with DPD deficiency, whether symptomatic or not, are unable to break down certain drugs used to treat cancer. If administered, complications (including infections and potentially life-threatening bl ...
... There is no cure for DPD deficiency. Treatment includes supportive care for symptoms. All individuals with DPD deficiency, whether symptomatic or not, are unable to break down certain drugs used to treat cancer. If administered, complications (including infections and potentially life-threatening bl ...
Glucose Metabolism
... B. When glucose in the bloodstream enters the cytosol (internal fluid) of our cells, it is immediately converted to glucose – 6 – phosphate. 1. This is an exergonic process and not reversible. Glucose + ATP Æ Glucose – 6 – phosphate + ADP ΔG = -4.0 kcal/mol ...
... B. When glucose in the bloodstream enters the cytosol (internal fluid) of our cells, it is immediately converted to glucose – 6 – phosphate. 1. This is an exergonic process and not reversible. Glucose + ATP Æ Glucose – 6 – phosphate + ADP ΔG = -4.0 kcal/mol ...
GLYCOLYSIS
... • Phosphofructokinase inhibition will cause F-6P to rise which also incr G-6P • However other sugars (such as fructose) bypass this step so it should not be only control • The inhibition of F-6P leads to inhibition in G-6P ...
... • Phosphofructokinase inhibition will cause F-6P to rise which also incr G-6P • However other sugars (such as fructose) bypass this step so it should not be only control • The inhibition of F-6P leads to inhibition in G-6P ...
Enzyme basic concepts, Enzyme Regulation IIII
... Figure 4 Taken from Marks et al. Binding to proteins: Some enzymes can be regulated by binding to other proteins. For example Ca 2+ calmodulin is a protein that binds to kinases activating these enzymes (regulation of glycogen metabolism during muscle contraction). Allosteric regulation ...
... Figure 4 Taken from Marks et al. Binding to proteins: Some enzymes can be regulated by binding to other proteins. For example Ca 2+ calmodulin is a protein that binds to kinases activating these enzymes (regulation of glycogen metabolism during muscle contraction). Allosteric regulation ...
Glycolysis
... Local control of metabolism involves regulatory effects of varied concentrations of pathway substrates or intermediates, to benefit the cell. Global control is for the benefit of the whole organism, & often involves hormone-activated signal cascades. Liver cells have major roles in metabolism, i ...
... Local control of metabolism involves regulatory effects of varied concentrations of pathway substrates or intermediates, to benefit the cell. Global control is for the benefit of the whole organism, & often involves hormone-activated signal cascades. Liver cells have major roles in metabolism, i ...
Glycolysis
... NADH is oxidized to NAD+. Lactate, in addition to being an end-product of fermentation, serves as a mobile form of nutrient energy, & possibly as a signal molecule in mammalian organisms. Cell membranes contain carrier proteins that facilitate transport of lactate. ...
... NADH is oxidized to NAD+. Lactate, in addition to being an end-product of fermentation, serves as a mobile form of nutrient energy, & possibly as a signal molecule in mammalian organisms. Cell membranes contain carrier proteins that facilitate transport of lactate. ...
Cellular Respiration Part II: Glycolysis
... into two molecules of pyruvate • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and has two major phases – Energy investment phase – Energy payoff phase ...
... into two molecules of pyruvate • Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm and has two major phases – Energy investment phase – Energy payoff phase ...
The Citric Acid Cycle
... In this chapter, we learned: • A large multi-subunit enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA • Several cofactors are involved in reactions that harness the energy from pyruvate • Citric acid cycle is an important catabolic process: it makes GTP and reduced cofactors ...
... In this chapter, we learned: • A large multi-subunit enzyme, pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, converts pyruvate into acetyl-CoA • Several cofactors are involved in reactions that harness the energy from pyruvate • Citric acid cycle is an important catabolic process: it makes GTP and reduced cofactors ...
Cell Respiration
... (proton motive force) ultimately to ATP Synthase. • Ubiquinone, Cytochrome C, NADH reductase • Use the proton motive force to make even more ATP . Many shuttle stations due to the folding of the cristae • Will use oxygen to drive the movement of hydrogen ions from carriers so we call this oxidative ...
... (proton motive force) ultimately to ATP Synthase. • Ubiquinone, Cytochrome C, NADH reductase • Use the proton motive force to make even more ATP . Many shuttle stations due to the folding of the cristae • Will use oxygen to drive the movement of hydrogen ions from carriers so we call this oxidative ...
Lecture 12: Enzymes of Metabolism: An Introduction Reference
... 13. Describe in general terms the structure and function of creatine kinase, and explain why it is considered a marker of cardiac muscle disease / damage. a. Creatine kinase structure: consists of two subunits, B and M i. 3 isozymes of CK: 1. BB (brain) 2. BM (heart only) 3. MM (skeletal and cardiac ...
... 13. Describe in general terms the structure and function of creatine kinase, and explain why it is considered a marker of cardiac muscle disease / damage. a. Creatine kinase structure: consists of two subunits, B and M i. 3 isozymes of CK: 1. BB (brain) 2. BM (heart only) 3. MM (skeletal and cardiac ...
supporting information
... Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Raymond Zeng at ...
... Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Raymond Zeng at ...
Chapter 3
... • Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) – Completes the oxidation of substrates – Produces NADH and FADH to enter the electron transport chain ...
... • Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle) – Completes the oxidation of substrates – Produces NADH and FADH to enter the electron transport chain ...
Lactate distribution in culture medium of human myometrial biopsies
... isoforms. These transporters or carriers allow lactate to move (in symport with a proton) from a high to low concentration (3, 4, 5, 14), in our case either from uterine smooth muscle to amniotic fluid (which means passage across two layers of placental membranes, the chorion and amnion), or from ci ...
... isoforms. These transporters or carriers allow lactate to move (in symport with a proton) from a high to low concentration (3, 4, 5, 14), in our case either from uterine smooth muscle to amniotic fluid (which means passage across two layers of placental membranes, the chorion and amnion), or from ci ...
O 2
... ATP is made directly from a “substrate” The Substrate is phosphorylated, oxidized and ATP is made from ADP The 4 ATP made in Glycolysis are made this way ...
... ATP is made directly from a “substrate” The Substrate is phosphorylated, oxidized and ATP is made from ADP The 4 ATP made in Glycolysis are made this way ...
Cellular Respiration Explained
... made? The answer is in the mitochondria of cells. The overall reaction is C6H12O6 + 6O2→6CO2+ 6H2O+ Energy (ATP+ Heat). Notice that oxygen is required. When oxygen is used, it is called aerobic respiration. ANAEROBIC Respiration is called fermentation. No O2 used in fermentation. Without O2 there is ...
... made? The answer is in the mitochondria of cells. The overall reaction is C6H12O6 + 6O2→6CO2+ 6H2O+ Energy (ATP+ Heat). Notice that oxygen is required. When oxygen is used, it is called aerobic respiration. ANAEROBIC Respiration is called fermentation. No O2 used in fermentation. Without O2 there is ...
Lactate dehydrogenase
A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells (animals, plants, and prokaryotes). LDH catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate and back, as it converts NADH to NAD+ and back. A dehydrogenase is an enzyme that transfers a hydride from one molecule to another.LDH exist in four distinct enzyme classes. This article is about the common NAD(P)-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase. Other LDHs act on D-lactate and/or are dependent on cytochrome c: D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)) and L-lactate (L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)). LDH has been of medical significance because it is found extensively in body tissues, such as blood cells and heart muscle. Because it is released during tissue damage, it is a marker of common injuries and disease such as heart failure.