![04. Introduction to metabolism](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/008293287_1-c4b85b9693e3675c57d63ec8c9380466-300x300.png)
04. Introduction to metabolism
... Stage III. Acetyl CoA is oxidized in citric acid cycle to CO2 and water. As result reduced cofactor, NADH2 and FADH2, are formed which give up their electrons. Electrons are transported via the tissue respiration chain and released energy is coupled directly to ATP synthesis. ...
... Stage III. Acetyl CoA is oxidized in citric acid cycle to CO2 and water. As result reduced cofactor, NADH2 and FADH2, are formed which give up their electrons. Electrons are transported via the tissue respiration chain and released energy is coupled directly to ATP synthesis. ...
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... citryl CoA, which is then hydrolyzed to citrate and CoA. • The hydrolysis of citryl CoA, a high-energy thioester intermediate, drives the overall reaction far in the direction of the synthesis of citrate. – In essence, the hydrolysis of the thioester powers the ...
... citryl CoA, which is then hydrolyzed to citrate and CoA. • The hydrolysis of citryl CoA, a high-energy thioester intermediate, drives the overall reaction far in the direction of the synthesis of citrate. – In essence, the hydrolysis of the thioester powers the ...
BIO 330 Cell Biology Lecture Outline Spring 2011 Chapter 10
... D. Bacteria lack mitochondria Similar processes occur at the plasma membrane III. The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle A. Oxidation of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA Oxidative decarboxylation Pyruvate dehydrogenases (PDH) Produces 1 CO2 and 1 NADH per pyruvate B. Acetyl CoA enters the TCA cycle Citrate synthase for ...
... D. Bacteria lack mitochondria Similar processes occur at the plasma membrane III. The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle A. Oxidation of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA Oxidative decarboxylation Pyruvate dehydrogenases (PDH) Produces 1 CO2 and 1 NADH per pyruvate B. Acetyl CoA enters the TCA cycle Citrate synthase for ...
VEN 124 Section IV
... Other Compounds The Lactic Acid Bacteria are capable of producing numerous other aroma compounds, especially from the degradation of amino acids. It is likely that some of these compounds are also being produced during growth in wine. ...
... Other Compounds The Lactic Acid Bacteria are capable of producing numerous other aroma compounds, especially from the degradation of amino acids. It is likely that some of these compounds are also being produced during growth in wine. ...
lec33_2013 - Andrew.cmu.edu
... Gibbs energy of the bound ADP + Pi becomes higher than the energy of ATP, thus ATP forms spontaneously from the bound ADP and Pi. The newly-formed ATP is released with the transport of three additional protons. The actual synthesis, or formation of the bond between ADP and PI, is catalyzed by co ...
... Gibbs energy of the bound ADP + Pi becomes higher than the energy of ATP, thus ATP forms spontaneously from the bound ADP and Pi. The newly-formed ATP is released with the transport of three additional protons. The actual synthesis, or formation of the bond between ADP and PI, is catalyzed by co ...
Enzyme Kinetics
... 3. Reversible covalent modification. Activities altered by covalent attachment of modifying group, mostly a phosphoryl group 4. Protleolytic activation. Irreversible conversion of an inactive form ...
... 3. Reversible covalent modification. Activities altered by covalent attachment of modifying group, mostly a phosphoryl group 4. Protleolytic activation. Irreversible conversion of an inactive form ...
Effects of magnesium sulfate on spinal cord tissue lactate and
... excess Ca2+ influx and the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores [4, 5, 21]. Mg 2+ blocks the NMDA receptor ion channel complex in the brain and in the spinal cord [24, 25]. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated that EAA A1 receptors are modulated by local Mg 2+ concentrations and that h ...
... excess Ca2+ influx and the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores [4, 5, 21]. Mg 2+ blocks the NMDA receptor ion channel complex in the brain and in the spinal cord [24, 25]. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated that EAA A1 receptors are modulated by local Mg 2+ concentrations and that h ...
Pathways of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Glycolysis • Is the
... • In stage 2, you get a production of 4 ATP molecules • Overall, in glycolysis, you put 2 ATP molecules in for stage 1 and get 4 ATP molecules out for stage 2, which gives you a net total of 2 ATP molecules • Also have 2 NADH molecules made • In glycolysis, 7 out of the 10 steps are at equilibrium a ...
... • In stage 2, you get a production of 4 ATP molecules • Overall, in glycolysis, you put 2 ATP molecules in for stage 1 and get 4 ATP molecules out for stage 2, which gives you a net total of 2 ATP molecules • Also have 2 NADH molecules made • In glycolysis, 7 out of the 10 steps are at equilibrium a ...
Introduction to Carbohydrates
... gradient, i.e., from a high gluc conc. to a lower one. E.g., GLUT-1, -3, -4 are primarily involved in gluc uptake from blood - In contrast, GLUT-2 which is found in liver, kidney, and βcells of pancreas, can either transport gluc into these cells when blood gluc levels are high, or transport gluc fr ...
... gradient, i.e., from a high gluc conc. to a lower one. E.g., GLUT-1, -3, -4 are primarily involved in gluc uptake from blood - In contrast, GLUT-2 which is found in liver, kidney, and βcells of pancreas, can either transport gluc into these cells when blood gluc levels are high, or transport gluc fr ...
The Michaelis-Menten equation
... remove it from the substrate (like Drugs: Heat, pH changes, strong acids, alcohol & alkaloidal reagents cause protein denaturation, (Captopril). e.g. The optimum temperature for most human enzymes start between 35⁰C and 40⁰C. Human enzymes start to denature above 40⁰C and stop its catalytic activity ...
... remove it from the substrate (like Drugs: Heat, pH changes, strong acids, alcohol & alkaloidal reagents cause protein denaturation, (Captopril). e.g. The optimum temperature for most human enzymes start between 35⁰C and 40⁰C. Human enzymes start to denature above 40⁰C and stop its catalytic activity ...
Cellular Respiration Worksheet and Answers
... 20. The usefulness of fermentation as a means of deriving energy is limited because a. It cannot generate enough ATP b. It produces too much NH2 c. The end products are toxic to the producer d. It uses more energy than it produces ...
... 20. The usefulness of fermentation as a means of deriving energy is limited because a. It cannot generate enough ATP b. It produces too much NH2 c. The end products are toxic to the producer d. It uses more energy than it produces ...
Cellular Metabolism
... – Utilize the protons and electrons that the coenzymes (NAD+ and FAD) “picked up” during glycolysis (NAD+ only) and Kreb's cycle (both NAD+ and FAD). – The electrons “power” the movement of H+ (protons) across the inner membrane space creating a proton motive gradient – This gradient is utilized alo ...
... – Utilize the protons and electrons that the coenzymes (NAD+ and FAD) “picked up” during glycolysis (NAD+ only) and Kreb's cycle (both NAD+ and FAD). – The electrons “power” the movement of H+ (protons) across the inner membrane space creating a proton motive gradient – This gradient is utilized alo ...
Bez nadpisu
... pyruvate to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. In step 1 pyruvate reacts with the bound thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) of pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), undergoing decarboxylation to form the hydroxyethyl derivate. Pyruvate dehydrogenase also carries out step 2, the transfer of two electr ...
... pyruvate to acetyl-CoA by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. In step 1 pyruvate reacts with the bound thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) of pyruvate dehydrogenase (E1), undergoing decarboxylation to form the hydroxyethyl derivate. Pyruvate dehydrogenase also carries out step 2, the transfer of two electr ...
File - Wk 1-2
... 3. Describe the pathways involved in energy metabolism: glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, beta-oxidation, amino acid breakdown, TCA cycle and electron transport chain. For each, include the cellular location, the major organs in which each pathway is active and the effect of starvation or flux of substra ...
... 3. Describe the pathways involved in energy metabolism: glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, beta-oxidation, amino acid breakdown, TCA cycle and electron transport chain. For each, include the cellular location, the major organs in which each pathway is active and the effect of starvation or flux of substra ...
Sample exam questions Chapter 11 Carbohydrates
... A. They cannot convert pyruvate to oxaloacetate by carboxylation B. They cannot convert pyruvate to phosphoenol pyruvate C. They cannot convert acetyl-Coenzyme A into pyruvate or oxaloacetate to initiate the gluconeogenesis pathway * D. Fatty acid degradation does not produce sufficient energy in th ...
... A. They cannot convert pyruvate to oxaloacetate by carboxylation B. They cannot convert pyruvate to phosphoenol pyruvate C. They cannot convert acetyl-Coenzyme A into pyruvate or oxaloacetate to initiate the gluconeogenesis pathway * D. Fatty acid degradation does not produce sufficient energy in th ...
Anaerobic Fermentation
... NADH drops off electrons onto pyruvate pyruvate is converted to Lactic acid ...
... NADH drops off electrons onto pyruvate pyruvate is converted to Lactic acid ...
Chapter 5:Bioenergetics and oxidative phosphorylation Q1: why is
... Q5: what are the site-specific inhibitors of the electron transport chain? Q6: Explain why NADH is oxidized by FMN? Q7: How is electron transport chain is coupled to oxidative phosphorylation? Q8: Explain why 2ATP are produced in glycerophosphate shuttle while 3ATP are produced by malate-aspartate s ...
... Q5: what are the site-specific inhibitors of the electron transport chain? Q6: Explain why NADH is oxidized by FMN? Q7: How is electron transport chain is coupled to oxidative phosphorylation? Q8: Explain why 2ATP are produced in glycerophosphate shuttle while 3ATP are produced by malate-aspartate s ...
Gluconeogenesis by Dr Tarek
... inhibited and gluconeogenesis is activited • During starvation, the priority is to conserve blood glucose for the brain and muscle. Thus, under these conditions, PK in the liver is switched off. This occurs because the hormone glucagon is secreted into the bloodstream and activates a cAMP cascade th ...
... inhibited and gluconeogenesis is activited • During starvation, the priority is to conserve blood glucose for the brain and muscle. Thus, under these conditions, PK in the liver is switched off. This occurs because the hormone glucagon is secreted into the bloodstream and activates a cAMP cascade th ...
1. Fatty acids are broken down by the ß
... Deficient pyruvate carboxylase activity leading to feedback inhibition on glycolysis by pyruvate during periods of anaerobic glycolysis. ...
... Deficient pyruvate carboxylase activity leading to feedback inhibition on glycolysis by pyruvate during periods of anaerobic glycolysis. ...
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle and Related Enzymes in Cell
... Ramakrishnan (1961), with the modification that phosphate buffer (005m, pH 6-0) was used to extract the enzyme. Protein content. The amount of protein was determined by the biuret method (Gornall, Bardawill & David, 1957). Enzyme a88ay8. Aconitase was determined by the increase in extinction values ...
... Ramakrishnan (1961), with the modification that phosphate buffer (005m, pH 6-0) was used to extract the enzyme. Protein content. The amount of protein was determined by the biuret method (Gornall, Bardawill & David, 1957). Enzyme a88ay8. Aconitase was determined by the increase in extinction values ...
Other Pathways of Carbohydrate Metabolism Gluconeogenesis
... Gluconeogenesis Regulation of gluconeogenesis Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are reciprocally regulated to meet demands of organism In fed state, glucose → glycogen and acetyl-CoA (fatty acid biosynthesis and fat storage) In fasted state, glycogen and protein → glucose Pathways are controlled by al ...
... Gluconeogenesis Regulation of gluconeogenesis Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are reciprocally regulated to meet demands of organism In fed state, glucose → glycogen and acetyl-CoA (fatty acid biosynthesis and fat storage) In fasted state, glycogen and protein → glucose Pathways are controlled by al ...
Lecture 33 Carbohydrates1
... Glucose-6P dehydrogenase (G6PD)– enzyme catalyzing the first reaction in the pathway which converts glucose-6P to 6phosphogluconolactone. This reaction is the commitment step in the pathway and is feedback-inhibited by NADPH. Defects in glucose6P dehydrogenase cause a dietary condition called favism ...
... Glucose-6P dehydrogenase (G6PD)– enzyme catalyzing the first reaction in the pathway which converts glucose-6P to 6phosphogluconolactone. This reaction is the commitment step in the pathway and is feedback-inhibited by NADPH. Defects in glucose6P dehydrogenase cause a dietary condition called favism ...
Lactate dehydrogenase
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Reaction_catalyzed_by_lactate_dehydrogenase.png?width=300)
A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH or LD) is an enzyme found in nearly all living cells (animals, plants, and prokaryotes). LDH catalyzes the conversion of pyruvate to lactate and back, as it converts NADH to NAD+ and back. A dehydrogenase is an enzyme that transfers a hydride from one molecule to another.LDH exist in four distinct enzyme classes. This article is about the common NAD(P)-dependent L-lactate dehydrogenase. Other LDHs act on D-lactate and/or are dependent on cytochrome c: D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)) and L-lactate (L-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)). LDH has been of medical significance because it is found extensively in body tissues, such as blood cells and heart muscle. Because it is released during tissue damage, it is a marker of common injuries and disease such as heart failure.