Muscle alanine synthesis and hepatic gluconeogenesis
... of the amino acid nitrogen towards alanine formation would serve to prevent excessive generation of potentially toxic ammonia by the purine nucleotide cycle. The precise roles of amino acid breakdown and ammonia generation in muscle are not clear, but it may be that one function of ammonia formation ...
... of the amino acid nitrogen towards alanine formation would serve to prevent excessive generation of potentially toxic ammonia by the purine nucleotide cycle. The precise roles of amino acid breakdown and ammonia generation in muscle are not clear, but it may be that one function of ammonia formation ...
Properties of shrew skeletal muscle
... the common European white-toothed shrew Crocidura russula (mean body mass 8.6 g), ventilatory rates of 500 min−1 (Nagel, 1991) have been measured, and the maximal stride frequency is estimated to be 620 min−1. During cold tremor, electromyogram (EMG) frequencies of grouped discharges of up to 3500 m ...
... the common European white-toothed shrew Crocidura russula (mean body mass 8.6 g), ventilatory rates of 500 min−1 (Nagel, 1991) have been measured, and the maximal stride frequency is estimated to be 620 min−1. During cold tremor, electromyogram (EMG) frequencies of grouped discharges of up to 3500 m ...
= .SEP ii@ 2004
... According to the notification, the dosing for “‘Carnitine Creatinate, Monohydrate’ can be a loading dose of 20 grams per day or 0.3 grams per kilogramper day in divided doses four times a day for two to five days, followed by a maintenancedose of no more than 2 grams daily or 0.03 grams per kilogram ...
... According to the notification, the dosing for “‘Carnitine Creatinate, Monohydrate’ can be a loading dose of 20 grams per day or 0.3 grams per kilogramper day in divided doses four times a day for two to five days, followed by a maintenancedose of no more than 2 grams daily or 0.03 grams per kilogram ...
Instructions for use Title ENZYMOLOGICAL STUDIES ON
... ADP and inorganic phosphate between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorlyation system of respiration. The inhibition of respiration by glycolysis has also been observed as Crabtree effect in the transient state of tumor cells. This control process has been studied more extensively and new contribution ...
... ADP and inorganic phosphate between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorlyation system of respiration. The inhibition of respiration by glycolysis has also been observed as Crabtree effect in the transient state of tumor cells. This control process has been studied more extensively and new contribution ...
Regulation of Pyruvate Dehydrogenase (PDH
... recently, other investigators have measured PDH activation during a variety of exercise paradigms in human skeletal muscle and have examined the factors believed to regulate its activity (1,3,5,7,8,10,12,15). For example, in one study active subjects exercised for 10 min at either 35, 65, or 90% V̇O ...
... recently, other investigators have measured PDH activation during a variety of exercise paradigms in human skeletal muscle and have examined the factors believed to regulate its activity (1,3,5,7,8,10,12,15). For example, in one study active subjects exercised for 10 min at either 35, 65, or 90% V̇O ...
Biochemistry of exercise-induced metabolic acidosis
... intermolecular esters, forming polylactate structures such as the two molecular lactoyllactic acid. Nevertheless, the discovery that lactic acid could crystallize occurred as early as 1895 (17). Subsequent work on quantifying the physical properties of lactic acid were complicated by the difficultie ...
... intermolecular esters, forming polylactate structures such as the two molecular lactoyllactic acid. Nevertheless, the discovery that lactic acid could crystallize occurred as early as 1895 (17). Subsequent work on quantifying the physical properties of lactic acid were complicated by the difficultie ...
Lewis 1..13 - Gerszten Lab
... Less is known about effects of exercise on the relative intramuscular and plasma concentrations of other classes of metabolites. For example, skeletal muscle biopsies have demonstrated rapid expansion of span 2 tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates in response to exercise (9, 12), which augme ...
... Less is known about effects of exercise on the relative intramuscular and plasma concentrations of other classes of metabolites. For example, skeletal muscle biopsies have demonstrated rapid expansion of span 2 tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle intermediates in response to exercise (9, 12), which augme ...
Creatine Monohydrate - National Drug Strategy
... Another risk is the potential contamination of some preparations with substances other than pure creatine. As is the case with all supplements, creatine supplements are not subject to the same stringent testing as pharmaceuticals. Therefore they may contain impurities that are not listed on the labe ...
... Another risk is the potential contamination of some preparations with substances other than pure creatine. As is the case with all supplements, creatine supplements are not subject to the same stringent testing as pharmaceuticals. Therefore they may contain impurities that are not listed on the labe ...
From muscle disuse to myopathy in COPD: REVIEW
... muscle immobilisation (bed rest, hind limb suspension, and so on) or nerve disorder. Disuse leads to several adaptive changes, commonly referred to as ‘‘musculoskeletal deconditioning’’, which mainly include a reduced proportion of type I fibres and oxidative enzyme capacity, muscle fibre atrophy an ...
... muscle immobilisation (bed rest, hind limb suspension, and so on) or nerve disorder. Disuse leads to several adaptive changes, commonly referred to as ‘‘musculoskeletal deconditioning’’, which mainly include a reduced proportion of type I fibres and oxidative enzyme capacity, muscle fibre atrophy an ...
[Frontiers in Bioscience 3, d1011-1027, September 15, 1998] 1011
... phosphofructokinase, and an increase in acetyl CoA with inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase, was responsible. Studies on exercised rats with experimentally elevated plasma FFA supported this view, as their muscle citrate concentrations were increased compared to controls (46). However, more recent ...
... phosphofructokinase, and an increase in acetyl CoA with inhibition of pyruvate dehydrogenase, was responsible. Studies on exercised rats with experimentally elevated plasma FFA supported this view, as their muscle citrate concentrations were increased compared to controls (46). However, more recent ...
catalogue 2012 - olimp
... analyses each time which guarantee preserving the same makeup and the best purity. In order to manufacture top quality products of carefully selected raw materials, products themselves have to be stored in clearly defined and monitored conditions. All the physical and chemical characteristics in our ...
... analyses each time which guarantee preserving the same makeup and the best purity. In order to manufacture top quality products of carefully selected raw materials, products themselves have to be stored in clearly defined and monitored conditions. All the physical and chemical characteristics in our ...
The Lactic Acid Myths
... right: the substance that was once thought to be a worse-than-useless byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis turns out to be one of the most important energy sources for high-intensity muscle activity. Our knowledge of lactate as a muscle fuel is largely the product of the work of one man: George Brooks ...
... right: the substance that was once thought to be a worse-than-useless byproduct of anaerobic glycolysis turns out to be one of the most important energy sources for high-intensity muscle activity. Our knowledge of lactate as a muscle fuel is largely the product of the work of one man: George Brooks ...
Oral free and dipeptide forms of glutamine supplementation
... stress, cytokines, and chemokines induce the phosphorylation and degradation of the inhibitor kB (IkB) protein, which results in the translocation of NF-kB to the nuclei, and transcription of several genes related to proinflammatory responses including, regulation of the NF-kB pathway itself, the mye ...
... stress, cytokines, and chemokines induce the phosphorylation and degradation of the inhibitor kB (IkB) protein, which results in the translocation of NF-kB to the nuclei, and transcription of several genes related to proinflammatory responses including, regulation of the NF-kB pathway itself, the mye ...
URN:NBN:fi:jyu-20
... exercise session can involve strong demands on both muscle structure and energy production (aerobic and anaerobic). Many exercise sessions also induce muscle damage (exercise induced muscle damage; EIMD). Different recovery methods attempt to alleviate or prevent EIMD and its associated symptoms, su ...
... exercise session can involve strong demands on both muscle structure and energy production (aerobic and anaerobic). Many exercise sessions also induce muscle damage (exercise induced muscle damage; EIMD). Different recovery methods attempt to alleviate or prevent EIMD and its associated symptoms, su ...
Regulation of post-mortem glycolysis in ruminant muscle
... 31kJ/mol) to regulate and drive muscle contraction. In living muscle, this energy value is nearly twice (60kJ/mol) as high because the steady-state metabolic state maintains ADP and Pi concentrations much lower than that at equilibrium (Kushmerick and Conley 2002). As mentioned above, bouts of exerc ...
... 31kJ/mol) to regulate and drive muscle contraction. In living muscle, this energy value is nearly twice (60kJ/mol) as high because the steady-state metabolic state maintains ADP and Pi concentrations much lower than that at equilibrium (Kushmerick and Conley 2002). As mentioned above, bouts of exerc ...
Carnitine Acetyltransferase and Mitochondrial Acetyl
... intermediate of glucose, amino acid and fatty acid oxidation, is a primary substrate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). As such, the oxidation of acetyl-CoA fuels the production of reducing equivalents which are required for ATP generation. Alternatively, cytosolic acetyl-CoA acts as a bui ...
... intermediate of glucose, amino acid and fatty acid oxidation, is a primary substrate of the tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA cycle). As such, the oxidation of acetyl-CoA fuels the production of reducing equivalents which are required for ATP generation. Alternatively, cytosolic acetyl-CoA acts as a bui ...
The malonyl-CoA insensitive fraction of muscle CPT1 is greater in
... malonyl-CoA, which corresponds with a decrease in fatty acid oxidation and an increase in longchain acyl-CoA accumulation (3). In some reports, physiological regulation of malonyl-CoA concentration appears to differ between red and white muscle (3;29), suggesting that malonylCoA-mediated control of ...
... malonyl-CoA, which corresponds with a decrease in fatty acid oxidation and an increase in longchain acyl-CoA accumulation (3). In some reports, physiological regulation of malonyl-CoA concentration appears to differ between red and white muscle (3;29), suggesting that malonylCoA-mediated control of ...
Does Lactic Acid Cause Muscular Fatigue?
... glycolysis because it does not require oxygen to regenerate ATP. The later stage, because it requires oxygen, is termed aerobic. The anaerobic phase is shorter and thus, faster than the aerobic, consisting of only 11 or 12 steps to regenerate ATP. The aerobic phase is actually a continuation of the ...
... glycolysis because it does not require oxygen to regenerate ATP. The later stage, because it requires oxygen, is termed aerobic. The anaerobic phase is shorter and thus, faster than the aerobic, consisting of only 11 or 12 steps to regenerate ATP. The aerobic phase is actually a continuation of the ...
Fat to the fire: the regulation of lipid oxidation
... the product of cardiac output ( Q) and proportion of the blood volume that is plasma [ Q plasma=Q (1 Hematocrit)], because FFA are not transported in red blood cells. Once at the myocyte, the rate of FFA uptake is dependent on many factors including transporter density, myocyte cytosolic protein bi ...
... the product of cardiac output ( Q) and proportion of the blood volume that is plasma [ Q plasma=Q (1 Hematocrit)], because FFA are not transported in red blood cells. Once at the myocyte, the rate of FFA uptake is dependent on many factors including transporter density, myocyte cytosolic protein bi ...
University of Groningen Operation of the purine nucleotide cycle in
... explained this by the farsighted assumption that A M P can be resynthesized from I M P under aerobic conditions, using an amino donor other than ammonia. He even proposed amino acids as the most likely donors of the amino group. After the discovery of adenylate deaminase by Schmidt in 1928, it laste ...
... explained this by the farsighted assumption that A M P can be resynthesized from I M P under aerobic conditions, using an amino donor other than ammonia. He even proposed amino acids as the most likely donors of the amino group. After the discovery of adenylate deaminase by Schmidt in 1928, it laste ...
Muscle Type–Specific Myosin Isoforms in Crustacean Muscles
... abdominal extensor muscles, innervated by phasic motoneurons, express MyHC profiles different from the tonic profiles. The claw closer muscles are dually innervated by tonic and phasic motoneurons and a mixed phenotype was observed, albeit biased toward the phasic profile seen in the closer muscle. ...
... abdominal extensor muscles, innervated by phasic motoneurons, express MyHC profiles different from the tonic profiles. The claw closer muscles are dually innervated by tonic and phasic motoneurons and a mixed phenotype was observed, albeit biased toward the phasic profile seen in the closer muscle. ...
LIP Lactate inflection point
... an untrained individual, but a higher intensity is necessary for endurance-trained athletes. • Most of the improvements in the LIP progressively occur over 8 to 12 weeks of training, but small changes may accrue beyond this period. ...
... an untrained individual, but a higher intensity is necessary for endurance-trained athletes. • Most of the improvements in the LIP progressively occur over 8 to 12 weeks of training, but small changes may accrue beyond this period. ...
The role of AMP-activated protein kinase in the coordination of
... the regulatory associated protein of mTOR (raptor), the proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa (PRAS40), and the mTORassociated protein LST8 homolog (mLST8) (69, 70, 119). This protein complex controls skeletal muscle hypertrophy (6, 97) through modulation of protein synthesis by phosphorylation towar ...
... the regulatory associated protein of mTOR (raptor), the proline-rich Akt substrate of 40 kDa (PRAS40), and the mTORassociated protein LST8 homolog (mLST8) (69, 70, 119). This protein complex controls skeletal muscle hypertrophy (6, 97) through modulation of protein synthesis by phosphorylation towar ...
get ripped or go home!
... Lactose free, fat free, cholesterol free, gluten free, sugar free & OU kosher. We guarantee this to be the purest & ...
... Lactose free, fat free, cholesterol free, gluten free, sugar free & OU kosher. We guarantee this to be the purest & ...
Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid
Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB), or β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate, is a metabolite of the essential amino acid leucine and is synthesized in the human body. Its part in protein synthesis was discovered by Steven L. Nissen at Iowa State University. It has been used in scientific studies to purportedly increase muscle mass and decrease muscle breakdown. Nissen held the original patent on the metabolite as a nutritional supplement. It was discovered in pigs and small quantities can also be found in grapefruit, alfalfa, and catfish. As a supplement it is usually sold as the calcium salt calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate.Research published in the Journal of Applied Physiology has shown that HMB may have an effect on increasing muscle weight and strength. A review in Nutrition & Metabolism provides an in depth and objective analysis of HMB research.The same study lists as HMB's proposed mechanisms of action the following: Increased sarcolemmal integrity via conversion to HMG-CoA Enhanced protein synthesis via the mTOR pathway Depression of protein degradation through inhibition of the ubiquitin pathwayThe human body produces about 0.2-0.4 grams per day. Standard doses in research studies have been 1.5 to 3.0 grams per day, usually divided into two doses. Toxicity at these doses is unlikely, as the no-observed-adverse-event-level (NOAEL) in rats is between 2.48 to 2.83 g/kg BW per day, roughly equivalent to 70 to 100 g/day in humans.