Muscle-Specific Adaptations, Impaired Oxidative Capacity and
... changes in oxidative metabolism and morphology. Principal Findings: Compared to control fed mice, mice fed a high fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal: fat) for 8 weeks displayed increased body mass and insulin resistance without overt fasting hyperglycemia (i.e. pre-diabetic). Histological analysis revealed a g ...
... changes in oxidative metabolism and morphology. Principal Findings: Compared to control fed mice, mice fed a high fat diet (HFD; 60% kcal: fat) for 8 weeks displayed increased body mass and insulin resistance without overt fasting hyperglycemia (i.e. pre-diabetic). Histological analysis revealed a g ...
Dietary Supplements and Military Divers
... and physicians are not trained in this area. As such, many may feel uncomfortable with their lack of familiarity regarding the ever-increasing supplement pharmacopoeia. Peer-reviewed scientific research and evidenced-based information are often limited. Moreover, because the general public and activ ...
... and physicians are not trained in this area. As such, many may feel uncomfortable with their lack of familiarity regarding the ever-increasing supplement pharmacopoeia. Peer-reviewed scientific research and evidenced-based information are often limited. Moreover, because the general public and activ ...
Lactic Acid and Exercise Performance | SpringerLink
... performance. There exists a long history of studies on the effects of increased lactate/H+ concentrations in muscle or plasma on contractile performance of skeletal muscle. Evidence suggesting that lactate/H+ is a culprit has been based on correlation-type studies, which reveal close temporal relati ...
... performance. There exists a long history of studies on the effects of increased lactate/H+ concentrations in muscle or plasma on contractile performance of skeletal muscle. Evidence suggesting that lactate/H+ is a culprit has been based on correlation-type studies, which reveal close temporal relati ...
Systemic administration of β2-adrenoceptor agonists, formoterol and
... 1 b2-Adrenoceptor agonists provide a potential therapy for muscle wasting and weakness, but their use may be limited by adverse effects on the heart, mediated in part, by b1-adrenoceptor activation. 2 Two b2-agonists, formoterol and salmeterol, are approved for treating asthma and have an extended d ...
... 1 b2-Adrenoceptor agonists provide a potential therapy for muscle wasting and weakness, but their use may be limited by adverse effects on the heart, mediated in part, by b1-adrenoceptor activation. 2 Two b2-agonists, formoterol and salmeterol, are approved for treating asthma and have an extended d ...
energy supply components - The Company of Biologists
... unduly high concentrations are avoided because of generalized perturbing effects, the need rigorously to control the accumulation of P; may place stringent limits upon how much phosphagen can be stored as an ATP buffer. Phosphagen mobilization should not cause osmotic, ionic or charge disturbances W ...
... unduly high concentrations are avoided because of generalized perturbing effects, the need rigorously to control the accumulation of P; may place stringent limits upon how much phosphagen can be stored as an ATP buffer. Phosphagen mobilization should not cause osmotic, ionic or charge disturbances W ...
Activation by Exercise of Human Skeletal Muscle Pyruvate
... The ratio of active to total pyruvate dehydrogenase activity found in the present study in human resting vastus lateralis muscle is higher than previously found in rat muscle [81. Studies in our laboratory, with methods similar to those used in the present work [131, showed total pyruvate dehydrogen ...
... The ratio of active to total pyruvate dehydrogenase activity found in the present study in human resting vastus lateralis muscle is higher than previously found in rat muscle [81. Studies in our laboratory, with methods similar to those used in the present work [131, showed total pyruvate dehydrogen ...
Perry et al., 2008
... synthase (26%), b-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (29%), aspartate-amino transferase (26%), and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH; 21%); (ii) increased FAT/CD36, FABPpm, GLUT 4, and MCT 1 and 4 transport proteins (14%–30%); and (iii) increased glycogen content (59%). Major adaptations during exercise includ ...
... synthase (26%), b-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (29%), aspartate-amino transferase (26%), and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH; 21%); (ii) increased FAT/CD36, FABPpm, GLUT 4, and MCT 1 and 4 transport proteins (14%–30%); and (iii) increased glycogen content (59%). Major adaptations during exercise includ ...
Effects of Diets Supplemented with Branched
... 1. Introduction Fatigue may be defined as the inability to maintain the expected muscle strength, leading to a reduced performance during prolonged exercise. The mechanisms that directly affect the muscles are peripheral and those residing in the brain are central [1,2]. The following events are con ...
... 1. Introduction Fatigue may be defined as the inability to maintain the expected muscle strength, leading to a reduced performance during prolonged exercise. The mechanisms that directly affect the muscles are peripheral and those residing in the brain are central [1,2]. The following events are con ...
Muscle Energetics and Fatigue - Dr. Feher
... originates from liver and extrahepatic tissues either through glycolysis (liver) or gluconeogenesis (liver, kidneys, intestine). Fatty acids form acetylCoA through beta oxidation and the acetyl CoA is then completely oxidized, in the presence of adequate oxygen, in the mitochondria. These fatty acid ...
... originates from liver and extrahepatic tissues either through glycolysis (liver) or gluconeogenesis (liver, kidneys, intestine). Fatty acids form acetylCoA through beta oxidation and the acetyl CoA is then completely oxidized, in the presence of adequate oxygen, in the mitochondria. These fatty acid ...
Protein intake and exercise for optimal muscle function with
... to protein ingestion. Longitudinal observational study to examine whether protein intake is associated with change in muscle strength in older adults; subjects from the InChianti population (n ¼ 598) who were followed for 3 years and had measures of inflammatory markers C-reactive protein, interleu ...
... to protein ingestion. Longitudinal observational study to examine whether protein intake is associated with change in muscle strength in older adults; subjects from the InChianti population (n ¼ 598) who were followed for 3 years and had measures of inflammatory markers C-reactive protein, interleu ...
Protein Intake and Muscle Health in Old Age: From Biological
... supplementation on muscle mass and physical performance in frail older participants. They determined that a 24-week supplementation of a beverage containing 15 g milk protein concentrate administered twice-daily improved muscle strength and physical performance, but did not increase muscle mass. A s ...
... supplementation on muscle mass and physical performance in frail older participants. They determined that a 24-week supplementation of a beverage containing 15 g milk protein concentrate administered twice-daily improved muscle strength and physical performance, but did not increase muscle mass. A s ...
ch_10_lecture_presentation Part 2
... 10-9 Smooth Muscle Tissue • Characteristics of Smooth Muscle Cells – Long, slender, and spindle shaped – Have a single, central nucleus – Have no T tubules, myofibrils, or sarcomeres – Have no tendons or aponeuroses ...
... 10-9 Smooth Muscle Tissue • Characteristics of Smooth Muscle Cells – Long, slender, and spindle shaped – Have a single, central nucleus – Have no T tubules, myofibrils, or sarcomeres – Have no tendons or aponeuroses ...
Getting Rid of Carbon Dioxide during Exercise
... been largely ignored by exercise physiologists, but its implications may be extremely important. In much the same manner as it influences the combination of 0, with Hb [29], C O , appears to exert its effect on carboxylase activity by the formation of carbamino groups with amino acids close to the r ...
... been largely ignored by exercise physiologists, but its implications may be extremely important. In much the same manner as it influences the combination of 0, with Hb [29], C O , appears to exert its effect on carboxylase activity by the formation of carbamino groups with amino acids close to the r ...
1 Excess of free fatty acids as a cause of metabolic
... concentrations and reduction in glucose disposal in muscle (Randle et al. 1963). Their study showed that an elevation in fatty acids supply to the diaphragm and isolated heart led to a competition of fatty acids with glucose as an energy substrate, so called glucose-fatty acid cycle, and an increase ...
... concentrations and reduction in glucose disposal in muscle (Randle et al. 1963). Their study showed that an elevation in fatty acids supply to the diaphragm and isolated heart led to a competition of fatty acids with glucose as an energy substrate, so called glucose-fatty acid cycle, and an increase ...
Excess of Free Fatty Acids as a Cause of Metabolic
... (TAG)/FFA clearance lead to higher circulating FFA levels/fluxes and higher uptake to skeletal muscle. FFA accumulated in skeletal muscle can be incorporated into intramyocellular TAG (IMTG) or oxidized in mitochondria. Excess FFA can then be converted to active lipid metabolites, such as ceramide a ...
... (TAG)/FFA clearance lead to higher circulating FFA levels/fluxes and higher uptake to skeletal muscle. FFA accumulated in skeletal muscle can be incorporated into intramyocellular TAG (IMTG) or oxidized in mitochondria. Excess FFA can then be converted to active lipid metabolites, such as ceramide a ...
What is Xtend - Bodybuilding.com Forums
... What is interesting about the BCAA is their ability to participate in the above metabolic processes, energy substrates, substrates for protein synthesis, precursors for alanine and glutamine, and modulators of protein synthesis, is governed by their availability. Research suggests that first and for ...
... What is interesting about the BCAA is their ability to participate in the above metabolic processes, energy substrates, substrates for protein synthesis, precursors for alanine and glutamine, and modulators of protein synthesis, is governed by their availability. Research suggests that first and for ...
regulation of muscle glycogen repletion
... athletes to cross-train and train multiple times per day. Moreover, many athletes may be required to compete in several different contests over subsequent days or even on the same day. Recent research has suggested that for these situations athletes benefit from the rapid restoration of their muscle ...
... athletes to cross-train and train multiple times per day. Moreover, many athletes may be required to compete in several different contests over subsequent days or even on the same day. Recent research has suggested that for these situations athletes benefit from the rapid restoration of their muscle ...
The Effect of a BCAA Supplement with and without CHO on
... Borg, G. A. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 14(5), 377-381. Byars, A., Greenwood, M., Greenwood, L., & Simpson, W. K. (2006). The Effectiveness of a Pre-Exercise Performance Drink (PRX) on Indices of Maximal Cardiorespiratory Fitness. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, ...
... Borg, G. A. (1982). Psychophysical bases of perceived exertion. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 14(5), 377-381. Byars, A., Greenwood, M., Greenwood, L., & Simpson, W. K. (2006). The Effectiveness of a Pre-Exercise Performance Drink (PRX) on Indices of Maximal Cardiorespiratory Fitness. J Int Soc Sports Nutr, ...
and synthetic analogs on visceral muscles of the
... a dramatic decrease in myoactivity (Fig. 3), the resulting efficacy was even lower than that of PK-2. Replacement of the N-terminal histidine with alanine also led to a decrease of myoactivity (Fig. 3), although to a much lower degree. An analog of Pea-PK-1 with proline at position 3/4 of the N-term ...
... a dramatic decrease in myoactivity (Fig. 3), the resulting efficacy was even lower than that of PK-2. Replacement of the N-terminal histidine with alanine also led to a decrease of myoactivity (Fig. 3), although to a much lower degree. An analog of Pea-PK-1 with proline at position 3/4 of the N-term ...
REGULATION BY EXERCISE OF SKELETAL MUSCLE CONTENT
... exercise-training. The adaptive response of muscle to training differs dramatically depending on the nature of the adaptive stimulus. Heavy resistance exercise, also referred to as strength training, results in hypertrophy of the muscle cells with an increase in strength, without major changes in bi ...
... exercise-training. The adaptive response of muscle to training differs dramatically depending on the nature of the adaptive stimulus. Heavy resistance exercise, also referred to as strength training, results in hypertrophy of the muscle cells with an increase in strength, without major changes in bi ...
Muscle Tissue
... 1. The exchange of ADP for ATP 2. The release of myosin from actin and substantial reorientation of the lever arm of myosin. 3. Hydrolysis of ATP 4. allows the myosin head to rebind at a site displaced along the actin filament 5. The release of Pi accompanying this binding increases the strength of ...
... 1. The exchange of ADP for ATP 2. The release of myosin from actin and substantial reorientation of the lever arm of myosin. 3. Hydrolysis of ATP 4. allows the myosin head to rebind at a site displaced along the actin filament 5. The release of Pi accompanying this binding increases the strength of ...
Muscle function and nutrition
... Wasting of muscle and a negative nitrogen balance are obvious effects of malnutrition and have led to the use of anthropometric measurements and nitrogen balance for assessing the extent of malnutrition. A positive nitrogen balance and an increase in limb muscle circumference are believed to be indi ...
... Wasting of muscle and a negative nitrogen balance are obvious effects of malnutrition and have led to the use of anthropometric measurements and nitrogen balance for assessing the extent of malnutrition. A positive nitrogen balance and an increase in limb muscle circumference are believed to be indi ...
The Effect of Carnitine Supplementation on Apoprotein A and B... During Exercise Training
... independently associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (1). Carnitine is a naturally occurring compound that can be synthesized in mammals from the essential amino acids lysine and methionine or ingested through diet. Primary sources of dietary carnitine are red meat and dairy pr ...
... independently associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (1). Carnitine is a naturally occurring compound that can be synthesized in mammals from the essential amino acids lysine and methionine or ingested through diet. Primary sources of dietary carnitine are red meat and dairy pr ...
New Insights into the Interaction of Carbohydrate and Fat
... ON N1G 2W1, Canada e-mail: [email protected] ...
... ON N1G 2W1, Canada e-mail: [email protected] ...
Biochi~ic~a - ScienceDirect
... Isozymic forms of glycogen phosphorylase Glycogen phosphorylase has three isozymic forms: these are known as the muscle, liver and brain isozymes. The muscle form has been assigned to the long arm of chromosome 11 by high resolution chromosome sorting and DNA spot-blot analysis [4]. The liver form i ...
... Isozymic forms of glycogen phosphorylase Glycogen phosphorylase has three isozymic forms: these are known as the muscle, liver and brain isozymes. The muscle form has been assigned to the long arm of chromosome 11 by high resolution chromosome sorting and DNA spot-blot analysis [4]. The liver form i ...
Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid
Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB), or β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate, is a metabolite of the essential amino acid leucine and is synthesized in the human body. Its part in protein synthesis was discovered by Steven L. Nissen at Iowa State University. It has been used in scientific studies to purportedly increase muscle mass and decrease muscle breakdown. Nissen held the original patent on the metabolite as a nutritional supplement. It was discovered in pigs and small quantities can also be found in grapefruit, alfalfa, and catfish. As a supplement it is usually sold as the calcium salt calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate.Research published in the Journal of Applied Physiology has shown that HMB may have an effect on increasing muscle weight and strength. A review in Nutrition & Metabolism provides an in depth and objective analysis of HMB research.The same study lists as HMB's proposed mechanisms of action the following: Increased sarcolemmal integrity via conversion to HMG-CoA Enhanced protein synthesis via the mTOR pathway Depression of protein degradation through inhibition of the ubiquitin pathwayThe human body produces about 0.2-0.4 grams per day. Standard doses in research studies have been 1.5 to 3.0 grams per day, usually divided into two doses. Toxicity at these doses is unlikely, as the no-observed-adverse-event-level (NOAEL) in rats is between 2.48 to 2.83 g/kg BW per day, roughly equivalent to 70 to 100 g/day in humans.