Resting muscle
... During exertion, lactate diffuses out of the muscle fibers into the bloodstream. The liver absorbs the lactate and converts it to pyruvate. About 30% of the pyruvate is broken down in the Citric Acid Cycle, providing the ATP needed to convert the other pyruvate molecules to glucose. Glucose is then ...
... During exertion, lactate diffuses out of the muscle fibers into the bloodstream. The liver absorbs the lactate and converts it to pyruvate. About 30% of the pyruvate is broken down in the Citric Acid Cycle, providing the ATP needed to convert the other pyruvate molecules to glucose. Glucose is then ...
Multivariate Modeling of Proteins Related to
... The prevalence of chronic trapezius myalgia is high in women with high exposure to awkward working positions, repetitive movements and movements with high precision demands. The mechanisms behind chronic trapezius myalgia are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to explore the differe ...
... The prevalence of chronic trapezius myalgia is high in women with high exposure to awkward working positions, repetitive movements and movements with high precision demands. The mechanisms behind chronic trapezius myalgia are not fully understood. The purpose of this study was to explore the differe ...
Effects of muscle fiber type on glycolytic potential and
... found that the longissimus dorsi had higher MyHC IIb and lower MyHC IIa, IIx, and I contents than the psoas major. Sazili et al. (2005) also found that the MyHC I content in sheep meat increased in the order: longissimus dorsi < tensor fasciae latae < semitendinosus < supraspinatus < trapezius, but ...
... found that the longissimus dorsi had higher MyHC IIb and lower MyHC IIa, IIx, and I contents than the psoas major. Sazili et al. (2005) also found that the MyHC I content in sheep meat increased in the order: longissimus dorsi < tensor fasciae latae < semitendinosus < supraspinatus < trapezius, but ...
Peak Nutritionals Sports Science Research
... It is well known that the strength of a muscle is generally proportional to its cross-sectional area, and it is necessary to increase muscle bulk in order to enhance strength. Muscle tissue is mainly composed of proteins (such actin and myosin) and water, and it is important to increase the protein ...
... It is well known that the strength of a muscle is generally proportional to its cross-sectional area, and it is necessary to increase muscle bulk in order to enhance strength. Muscle tissue is mainly composed of proteins (such actin and myosin) and water, and it is important to increase the protein ...
Effect of carnitine supplementation on mitochondrial
... allowed to rest for about 20 hr after the exercise; fasting blood was drawn into heparinised tube and later killed by cervical dislocation between 9-10 am. Liver and muscle from left hind limb were excised, rinsed in ice-cold physiological saline and kept on ice until processed. Blood was centrifuge ...
... allowed to rest for about 20 hr after the exercise; fasting blood was drawn into heparinised tube and later killed by cervical dislocation between 9-10 am. Liver and muscle from left hind limb were excised, rinsed in ice-cold physiological saline and kept on ice until processed. Blood was centrifuge ...
Slide 1
... This recent work suggests that caffeine ingestion disrupts the mechanism through which creatine ingestion increases muscle creatine levels. May be due to muscle contraction relaxation time being prolonged (Hepsel et al 2002) thereby interrupting recovery of PCr? Based on these and other studies, at ...
... This recent work suggests that caffeine ingestion disrupts the mechanism through which creatine ingestion increases muscle creatine levels. May be due to muscle contraction relaxation time being prolonged (Hepsel et al 2002) thereby interrupting recovery of PCr? Based on these and other studies, at ...
Nutrition and Performance for Wrestling
... through diet alone, without the use of protein or amino acid supplements, if energy intake is adequate to maintain body weight...Athletes should be aware that increasing protein intake beyond the recommended level is unlikely to result in additional increase in lean tissue because there is a limit t ...
... through diet alone, without the use of protein or amino acid supplements, if energy intake is adequate to maintain body weight...Athletes should be aware that increasing protein intake beyond the recommended level is unlikely to result in additional increase in lean tissue because there is a limit t ...
promoting training adaptations through nutritional
... responses in skeletal muscle in response to exercise. This ‘fuel sensing’ enzyme is involved in acute exercise-induced events and also plays an obligatory role in adapting skeletal muscles to repeated bouts of exercise during training programmes (for review see Ashenbach et al. 2004; Winder 2002). T ...
... responses in skeletal muscle in response to exercise. This ‘fuel sensing’ enzyme is involved in acute exercise-induced events and also plays an obligatory role in adapting skeletal muscles to repeated bouts of exercise during training programmes (for review see Ashenbach et al. 2004; Winder 2002). T ...
Molecular networks in skeletal muscle plasticity
... is dominant, while during endurance exercise, mechanical stress is low but metabolic disturbances can be severe and protracted. In any kind of muscle activity, neuronal activation and associated Ca2+ and other ion transients, as well as load- and duration-specific hormonal adjustments occur. These s ...
... is dominant, while during endurance exercise, mechanical stress is low but metabolic disturbances can be severe and protracted. In any kind of muscle activity, neuronal activation and associated Ca2+ and other ion transients, as well as load- and duration-specific hormonal adjustments occur. These s ...
Effect of different types of carbohydrate
... Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University ...
... Consolidated Research Institute for Advanced Science and Medical Care, Waseda University ...
The effect of a low-carbohydrate diet on performance, hormonal and
... Wingate tests (WT; Bar-Or 1980) on a cycle ergometer (MonarkCrescent, Varberg, Sweden) preceded by either 3 days on a normal (controlled) mixed (M) diet (50% carbohydrate, 30% fat and 20% protein), or 3 days on a ketogenic diet containing less than 5% carbohydrate, 50% fat and 45% protein. Both of t ...
... Wingate tests (WT; Bar-Or 1980) on a cycle ergometer (MonarkCrescent, Varberg, Sweden) preceded by either 3 days on a normal (controlled) mixed (M) diet (50% carbohydrate, 30% fat and 20% protein), or 3 days on a ketogenic diet containing less than 5% carbohydrate, 50% fat and 45% protein. Both of t ...
Anabolic Steroids History
... enlargement of appendages) • Muscles may be myopathic with long term use ...
... enlargement of appendages) • Muscles may be myopathic with long term use ...
Fuel selection in human skeletal muscle in insulin resistance: a
... acids must be activated to long-chain acyl CoA, then translocated into mitochondrial matrix by the enzyme complex, CPT. The muscle isoform of CPT-I is quite sensitive to allosteric inhibition by malonyl CoA, the precursor of fatty acid synthesis (62). Insulin and glucose augment skeletal muscle cont ...
... acids must be activated to long-chain acyl CoA, then translocated into mitochondrial matrix by the enzyme complex, CPT. The muscle isoform of CPT-I is quite sensitive to allosteric inhibition by malonyl CoA, the precursor of fatty acid synthesis (62). Insulin and glucose augment skeletal muscle cont ...
Glucose Utilization of Cardiac and Skeletal Muscle
... CLARISSA H. BEATTY 1461 , MARTHA K. YOUNG, DAVID DWYER, AND ROSE MARY BOCEK Departments of Biochemistry, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, and University of Oregon Medical ...
... CLARISSA H. BEATTY 1461 , MARTHA K. YOUNG, DAVID DWYER, AND ROSE MARY BOCEK Departments of Biochemistry, Oregon Regional Primate Research Center, Beaverton, Oregon, and University of Oregon Medical ...
Integration of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in skeletal
... Development of the capacity for glucose utilization in muscles. of studies conducted in vitro have investigated whether glucose utilisation by cardiac and skeletal muscle changes during development. The general conclusion of such studies is that the capacity for glucose utilisation decreases with ag ...
... Development of the capacity for glucose utilization in muscles. of studies conducted in vitro have investigated whether glucose utilisation by cardiac and skeletal muscle changes during development. The general conclusion of such studies is that the capacity for glucose utilisation decreases with ag ...
Diffusion of myoglobin in skeletal muscle cells
... Wittenberg in 1972 [20]. The considerably lower DMb value obtained in 1968 by Moll [18] in homogenates of rat skeletal muscles has hardly ever been used in model calculations. In 1988, Baylor and Pape [1] determined DMb in (normally Mb-free) frog muscle fibres into which M b was injected. The value ...
... Wittenberg in 1972 [20]. The considerably lower DMb value obtained in 1968 by Moll [18] in homogenates of rat skeletal muscles has hardly ever been used in model calculations. In 1988, Baylor and Pape [1] determined DMb in (normally Mb-free) frog muscle fibres into which M b was injected. The value ...
cyclic adenosine
... there are no safe and effective medicines available to treat muscle atrophy. Loss of muscle mass results from increased protein breakdown, decreased protein synthesis, or simultaneous changes in both processes. These pathways are regulated by a set of signaling molecules, including hormones, cytokin ...
... there are no safe and effective medicines available to treat muscle atrophy. Loss of muscle mass results from increased protein breakdown, decreased protein synthesis, or simultaneous changes in both processes. These pathways are regulated by a set of signaling molecules, including hormones, cytokin ...
Skeletal muscle actin mRNA. Characterization of the 3
... 21 nucleotides before the poly(A) there is a sequence ATTAAA which differs by one base from the common sequence AATAAA which probably serves as a signal for polyadenylation of eukaryotic mRNAs (30). The sequence ATTAAA was also found in one of the a amylase genes (31). I t can also be seen that the ...
... 21 nucleotides before the poly(A) there is a sequence ATTAAA which differs by one base from the common sequence AATAAA which probably serves as a signal for polyadenylation of eukaryotic mRNAs (30). The sequence ATTAAA was also found in one of the a amylase genes (31). I t can also be seen that the ...
Human Skeletal Muscle Expresses a Glycogen
... the same size as rat liver GL in both human liver and skeletal muscle extracts (Fig. 5). Although the mRNA analysis suggested that higher levels of human GL mRNA are present in skeletal muscle than in liver, immunoblotting showed human GL protein to be present at appreciable and fairly similar level ...
... the same size as rat liver GL in both human liver and skeletal muscle extracts (Fig. 5). Although the mRNA analysis suggested that higher levels of human GL mRNA are present in skeletal muscle than in liver, immunoblotting showed human GL protein to be present at appreciable and fairly similar level ...
THE SARCOTUBULAR SYSTEM OF FROG
... the mitochondrial membranes. This indicates that the structural components of this fraction do not derive from the mitochondrial fragmentation, but probably from the sarcotubular system. This fraction, called sarcotubular fraction, has a Mg++-stimulated ATPase activity which differs from that of mus ...
... the mitochondrial membranes. This indicates that the structural components of this fraction do not derive from the mitochondrial fragmentation, but probably from the sarcotubular system. This fraction, called sarcotubular fraction, has a Mg++-stimulated ATPase activity which differs from that of mus ...
Regulation of muscle protein synthesis in humans
... hypertrophy [10 ]. In agreement with a questionable role for these hormones on human MPS, 14-day recombinant GH administration which increased serum GH, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and IGF-1 mRNA expression in muscle did not affect MPS [11 ]. Thus, contrary to widespread belief, ostensibly an ...
... hypertrophy [10 ]. In agreement with a questionable role for these hormones on human MPS, 14-day recombinant GH administration which increased serum GH, insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) and IGF-1 mRNA expression in muscle did not affect MPS [11 ]. Thus, contrary to widespread belief, ostensibly an ...
Postexercise recovery of skeletal muscle malonyl-CoA, acetyl
... (submaximal group). Prior studies have demonstrated that malonyl-CoA decreases significantly after sprinting for 5 min (21) and after submaximal endurance exercise of 30 min (31, 32). At 90–180 s after rats were anesthetized, the red region of the quadriceps was removed rapidly from both hindlimbs a ...
... (submaximal group). Prior studies have demonstrated that malonyl-CoA decreases significantly after sprinting for 5 min (21) and after submaximal endurance exercise of 30 min (31, 32). At 90–180 s after rats were anesthetized, the red region of the quadriceps was removed rapidly from both hindlimbs a ...
Human Physiology/The Muscular System
... During cellular respiration the mitochondria, within skeletal muscle cells, convert glucose from the blood to carbon dioxide and water in the process of producing ATP (see cell physiology). ATP is needed for all muscular movement. When the need of ATP in the muscle is higher than the cells can produ ...
... During cellular respiration the mitochondria, within skeletal muscle cells, convert glucose from the blood to carbon dioxide and water in the process of producing ATP (see cell physiology). ATP is needed for all muscular movement. When the need of ATP in the muscle is higher than the cells can produ ...
genetic diagnostic criteria - Great Ormond Street Hospital
... dystrophies and myopathies to those patients in whom testing is most appropriate, clinical referral criteria have been devised (as shown below). This will also help to maximise the benefit of the service, within the activity level set by the service level agreement that we have with the National Spe ...
... dystrophies and myopathies to those patients in whom testing is most appropriate, clinical referral criteria have been devised (as shown below). This will also help to maximise the benefit of the service, within the activity level set by the service level agreement that we have with the National Spe ...
Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid
Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB), or β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate, is a metabolite of the essential amino acid leucine and is synthesized in the human body. Its part in protein synthesis was discovered by Steven L. Nissen at Iowa State University. It has been used in scientific studies to purportedly increase muscle mass and decrease muscle breakdown. Nissen held the original patent on the metabolite as a nutritional supplement. It was discovered in pigs and small quantities can also be found in grapefruit, alfalfa, and catfish. As a supplement it is usually sold as the calcium salt calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate.Research published in the Journal of Applied Physiology has shown that HMB may have an effect on increasing muscle weight and strength. A review in Nutrition & Metabolism provides an in depth and objective analysis of HMB research.The same study lists as HMB's proposed mechanisms of action the following: Increased sarcolemmal integrity via conversion to HMG-CoA Enhanced protein synthesis via the mTOR pathway Depression of protein degradation through inhibition of the ubiquitin pathwayThe human body produces about 0.2-0.4 grams per day. Standard doses in research studies have been 1.5 to 3.0 grams per day, usually divided into two doses. Toxicity at these doses is unlikely, as the no-observed-adverse-event-level (NOAEL) in rats is between 2.48 to 2.83 g/kg BW per day, roughly equivalent to 70 to 100 g/day in humans.