Expression of HIF-1α and VEGF in Skeletal Muscle of Plateau
... in skeletal muscle to determine the effects of HIF-1α on VEGF. We hypothesized that responses of HIF-1α and VEGF are blunted in skeletal muscles of plateau pikas during hypoxia as compared with lowland control animals. Also, we hypothesized that HIF-1α can contribute to expression of VEGF in skeleta ...
... in skeletal muscle to determine the effects of HIF-1α on VEGF. We hypothesized that responses of HIF-1α and VEGF are blunted in skeletal muscles of plateau pikas during hypoxia as compared with lowland control animals. Also, we hypothesized that HIF-1α can contribute to expression of VEGF in skeleta ...
Nutritional ergogenic aids and exercise performance
... The ®rst study to investigate systematically the effects of supplementation of large amounts of creatine was that of Harris et al. (1992). In a comprehensive study, they showed that ingestion of small amounts of creatine (1 g or less) had a negligible effect on the circulating creatine concentration ...
... The ®rst study to investigate systematically the effects of supplementation of large amounts of creatine was that of Harris et al. (1992). In a comprehensive study, they showed that ingestion of small amounts of creatine (1 g or less) had a negligible effect on the circulating creatine concentration ...
Constitutively Active CaMKKa Stimulates Skeletal Muscle
... exercise/muscle contraction, to increase glucose uptake remains intact (3). Thus, determination of the intracellular signaling mechanisms underlying insulin-independent muscle glucose uptake may identify novel pharmaceutical targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Intracellular Ca2+ plays a cr ...
... exercise/muscle contraction, to increase glucose uptake remains intact (3). Thus, determination of the intracellular signaling mechanisms underlying insulin-independent muscle glucose uptake may identify novel pharmaceutical targets for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. Intracellular Ca2+ plays a cr ...
Bypassing the glucose/fatty acid cycle: AMP
... is supported by the finding that leptin activates AMPK in H-2Kb muscle cells in culture. In contrast, a slower (6-h) response appears to be mediated via the hypothalamus and stimulation of α-adrenergic receptors. The precise molecular mechanism(s) by which leptin activates AMPK are not fully underst ...
... is supported by the finding that leptin activates AMPK in H-2Kb muscle cells in culture. In contrast, a slower (6-h) response appears to be mediated via the hypothalamus and stimulation of α-adrenergic receptors. The precise molecular mechanism(s) by which leptin activates AMPK are not fully underst ...
Addition of protein and amino acids to carbohydrates
... “glycogen depletion-restoration” experiments with at least 7 days in between. To minimize differences in resting muscle glycogen concentration, subjects completed an activity and diet recall log in which they recorded diet and activity patterns 48 h before the first trial. Subjects were instructed t ...
... “glycogen depletion-restoration” experiments with at least 7 days in between. To minimize differences in resting muscle glycogen concentration, subjects completed an activity and diet recall log in which they recorded diet and activity patterns 48 h before the first trial. Subjects were instructed t ...
Protein composition and function of red and white skeletal - AJP-Cell
... fast isoforms of contractile proteins, whereas red muscle has greater abundance of contractile protein slow isoforms and higher oxidative enzyme content (16, 38, 51). The larger oxidative capacity in red muscle is due, at least in part, to a two- to threefold greater mitochondrial content compared w ...
... fast isoforms of contractile proteins, whereas red muscle has greater abundance of contractile protein slow isoforms and higher oxidative enzyme content (16, 38, 51). The larger oxidative capacity in red muscle is due, at least in part, to a two- to threefold greater mitochondrial content compared w ...
Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism During and After Exercise
... stimulatory effect of insulinlike growth factor-1 on protein synthesis is abolished by an NO synthesis inhibitor, suggesting a role for the system in regulation of the anabolic effect of insulinlike growth factor-1 (41). ...
... stimulatory effect of insulinlike growth factor-1 on protein synthesis is abolished by an NO synthesis inhibitor, suggesting a role for the system in regulation of the anabolic effect of insulinlike growth factor-1 (41). ...
Figure 4 - Scientific Research Publishing
... in situations of different functional demands. Striated muscle tissue contains fibers with high oxidative capacity (heart muscle), higher oxidative capacity (type I and IIA fibers of skeletal muscle) and low oxidative capacity (type IIB/X fibers of skeletal muscle) (Figure 1). According to muscle fi ...
... in situations of different functional demands. Striated muscle tissue contains fibers with high oxidative capacity (heart muscle), higher oxidative capacity (type I and IIA fibers of skeletal muscle) and low oxidative capacity (type IIB/X fibers of skeletal muscle) (Figure 1). According to muscle fi ...
- Wiley Online Library
... systems. These systems are composed of proteins encoded by a subset of genes, all of which are tightly regulated. In the cases where regulation is altered because of disease or injury, dysfunction occurs. To enable objective analysis of muscle gene expression profiles, we have defined nine biologica ...
... systems. These systems are composed of proteins encoded by a subset of genes, all of which are tightly regulated. In the cases where regulation is altered because of disease or injury, dysfunction occurs. To enable objective analysis of muscle gene expression profiles, we have defined nine biologica ...
Effect of low glycogen on ... metabolism in human muscle during ...
... in muscle between high vs. low carbohydrate conditions during exercise. Therefore, we limited our explanation of the role of glycolysis to producing pyruvate for anaplerosis (via alanine aminotransferase and/or pyruvate carboxylase), thereby providing adequate levels of TCAI for mitochondrial NADH p ...
... in muscle between high vs. low carbohydrate conditions during exercise. Therefore, we limited our explanation of the role of glycolysis to producing pyruvate for anaplerosis (via alanine aminotransferase and/or pyruvate carboxylase), thereby providing adequate levels of TCAI for mitochondrial NADH p ...
Fatty acid metabolism in adipose tissue, muscle and liver in health
... state. In the fed, or postprandial, state there is a drive to store excess nutrients and as part of this, adipose tissue LPL is up-regulated, probably by the action of insulin released in response to carbohydrate in the meal. This diverts chylomicron-fatty acids to adipose tissue rather than muscle, ...
... state. In the fed, or postprandial, state there is a drive to store excess nutrients and as part of this, adipose tissue LPL is up-regulated, probably by the action of insulin released in response to carbohydrate in the meal. This diverts chylomicron-fatty acids to adipose tissue rather than muscle, ...
1 Regulation of Substrate Oxidation Preferences in Muscle by the
... HPLC and mass spectrometry for quantification as described previously (11-13). The levels of shortchain acyl-CoA’s were measured as reported before (14). Antibodies, immunoprecipitation and Western blotting Antibodies to PDK-4, PGC-1α (for immunoprecipitation) and histone H4 were purchased from Sant ...
... HPLC and mass spectrometry for quantification as described previously (11-13). The levels of shortchain acyl-CoA’s were measured as reported before (14). Antibodies, immunoprecipitation and Western blotting Antibodies to PDK-4, PGC-1α (for immunoprecipitation) and histone H4 were purchased from Sant ...
Skeletal muscle phenotype affects fasting
... rates of oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial efficiency were measured in pectoralis (glycolytic) and gastrocnemius (oxidative) muscles from cold-acclimated ducklings (Cairina moschata). Pyruvate and palmitoyl-L-carnitine were used in the presence of malate as respiratory substrates. Plasma m ...
... rates of oxidative phosphorylation and mitochondrial efficiency were measured in pectoralis (glycolytic) and gastrocnemius (oxidative) muscles from cold-acclimated ducklings (Cairina moschata). Pyruvate and palmitoyl-L-carnitine were used in the presence of malate as respiratory substrates. Plasma m ...
Histochemical Characteristics of Sonic Muscle Fibers in Tigerperch
... 1985) as fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG) (Peter et al. 1972) or as fast fatigue resistant (FR) (Burke et al. 1973) fibers. The less frequent fibers, with very high SDH, NADH-TR, and LDH activities and both alkali-and acid-stable mATPase, are similar to those of type IIc fibers of mammals (Dubowitz 1 ...
... 1985) as fast oxidative glycolytic (FOG) (Peter et al. 1972) or as fast fatigue resistant (FR) (Burke et al. 1973) fibers. The less frequent fibers, with very high SDH, NADH-TR, and LDH activities and both alkali-and acid-stable mATPase, are similar to those of type IIc fibers of mammals (Dubowitz 1 ...
Nutrition to Support Recovery from Endurance Exercise: Optimal
... potent stimuli for metabolic (e.g., mitochondrial biogenesis, metabolic enzyme upregulation) (9) and structural (e.g., contractile protein repair and synthesis) skeletal muscle adaptations (16) that, through the remodeling of muscle and body proteins, can ultimately translate into performance adapta ...
... potent stimuli for metabolic (e.g., mitochondrial biogenesis, metabolic enzyme upregulation) (9) and structural (e.g., contractile protein repair and synthesis) skeletal muscle adaptations (16) that, through the remodeling of muscle and body proteins, can ultimately translate into performance adapta ...
Malonyl-CoA and AMP-activated protein kinase: An expanding
... substrate for the upstream kinase, AMPK kinase. CP – Creatine phosphate; AMPKK – AMP-activated protein kinase kinase; ACC – acetyl CoA carboxylase; FFA – free fatty acid. ...
... substrate for the upstream kinase, AMPK kinase. CP – Creatine phosphate; AMPKK – AMP-activated protein kinase kinase; ACC – acetyl CoA carboxylase; FFA – free fatty acid. ...
BCAA 8-1-1 – 500 g
... Visible effects of glutamine are due to its ability to increase the volume of muscle fibers. Muscle tissue is abundant in free-form L-glutamine, so it may be quickly incorporated into the protein biosynthesis and inhibit the damage caused by enzymes that contribute to the breakdown of muscle fibers. ...
... Visible effects of glutamine are due to its ability to increase the volume of muscle fibers. Muscle tissue is abundant in free-form L-glutamine, so it may be quickly incorporated into the protein biosynthesis and inhibit the damage caused by enzymes that contribute to the breakdown of muscle fibers. ...
227 integrated responses to exhaustive exercise and recovery in
... As a sprint swimmer with over 60 % of its body mass in white muscle (Johnston, 1980; Stevens, 1968), the rainbow trout provides an ideal model in which to study the exercise physiology of this tissue. Indeed, the acid–base, metabolic and fluid volume responses induced by short-term ‘anaerobic’ exhau ...
... As a sprint swimmer with over 60 % of its body mass in white muscle (Johnston, 1980; Stevens, 1968), the rainbow trout provides an ideal model in which to study the exercise physiology of this tissue. Indeed, the acid–base, metabolic and fluid volume responses induced by short-term ‘anaerobic’ exhau ...
The influence of iron deficiency on the functioning of skeletal
... iron metabolism and their potential participation in systemic iron regulation There is a substantial gap in the understanding of muscle-specific iron regulation. Only recently has local iron metabolism in skeletal muscle started to be explored. For example, Polonifi et al. examined skeletal muscle i ...
... iron metabolism and their potential participation in systemic iron regulation There is a substantial gap in the understanding of muscle-specific iron regulation. Only recently has local iron metabolism in skeletal muscle started to be explored. For example, Polonifi et al. examined skeletal muscle i ...
2004 Memorandum
... performed. Clinical trails noted no adverse effects, though many trials showed increased body mass. There have been two cases involving renal dysfunction and creatine use. The April 25, 1998 issue of Lancet had a case of a patient who was receiving cyclosporine for a condition who also used creatine ...
... performed. Clinical trails noted no adverse effects, though many trials showed increased body mass. There have been two cases involving renal dysfunction and creatine use. The April 25, 1998 issue of Lancet had a case of a patient who was receiving cyclosporine for a condition who also used creatine ...
Muscle Metabolism - Interactive Physiology
... a. How much of that ATP is generated during glycolysis? b. How much of that ATP is generated during the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation? 22. (Page 22.) During which of these activities would creatine phosphate and anaerobic metabolism be more important. During which of these activities wou ...
... a. How much of that ATP is generated during glycolysis? b. How much of that ATP is generated during the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation? 22. (Page 22.) During which of these activities would creatine phosphate and anaerobic metabolism be more important. During which of these activities wou ...
MS Word Version - Interactive Physiology
... 20. Carbon dioxide, water, and 36 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose. 21. a. 2 ATPs b. 36 ATPs 22. a. Creatine phosphate and anaerobic metabolism is more important when sprinting very fast for a short distance because it provides small amounts of ATP quickly, without the need for oxygen. b. When ...
... 20. Carbon dioxide, water, and 36 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose. 21. a. 2 ATPs b. 36 ATPs 22. a. Creatine phosphate and anaerobic metabolism is more important when sprinting very fast for a short distance because it provides small amounts of ATP quickly, without the need for oxygen. b. When ...
Synergistic Effect of Essential Oils on Muscle Tissue
... Polina Tsupko - Synergistic effect of essential oils on muscle tissue important regulatory proteins, troponin and tropomyosin, that are necessary for muscle contraction to occur. These proteins are associated with actin and cooperate to prevent its interaction with myosin [2]. Skeletal muscle can d ...
... Polina Tsupko - Synergistic effect of essential oils on muscle tissue important regulatory proteins, troponin and tropomyosin, that are necessary for muscle contraction to occur. These proteins are associated with actin and cooperate to prevent its interaction with myosin [2]. Skeletal muscle can d ...
in women increases the capacity for fat oxidation during exercise
... performed at an all-out maximal intensity that is very challenging and may be too intense for individuals beginning a training program to sustain. Two weeks of high-intensity aerobic interval training (HIIT), performed at an exercise intensity (80 –95% V̇O2 peak) between that required for moderate t ...
... performed at an all-out maximal intensity that is very challenging and may be too intense for individuals beginning a training program to sustain. Two weeks of high-intensity aerobic interval training (HIIT), performed at an exercise intensity (80 –95% V̇O2 peak) between that required for moderate t ...
Conjugated Linoleic Acid Combined With Creatine
... training. The effectiveness of most dietary supplements for improving body composition and exercise performance is small, however. Three dietary supplements consumed by exercising individuals include creatine, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and protein. Creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound invo ...
... training. The effectiveness of most dietary supplements for improving body composition and exercise performance is small, however. Three dietary supplements consumed by exercising individuals include creatine, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), and protein. Creatine, a nitrogen-containing compound invo ...
Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid
Beta-Hydroxy beta-methylbutyric acid β-Hydroxy β-methylbutyric acid (HMB), or β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate, is a metabolite of the essential amino acid leucine and is synthesized in the human body. Its part in protein synthesis was discovered by Steven L. Nissen at Iowa State University. It has been used in scientific studies to purportedly increase muscle mass and decrease muscle breakdown. Nissen held the original patent on the metabolite as a nutritional supplement. It was discovered in pigs and small quantities can also be found in grapefruit, alfalfa, and catfish. As a supplement it is usually sold as the calcium salt calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate.Research published in the Journal of Applied Physiology has shown that HMB may have an effect on increasing muscle weight and strength. A review in Nutrition & Metabolism provides an in depth and objective analysis of HMB research.The same study lists as HMB's proposed mechanisms of action the following: Increased sarcolemmal integrity via conversion to HMG-CoA Enhanced protein synthesis via the mTOR pathway Depression of protein degradation through inhibition of the ubiquitin pathwayThe human body produces about 0.2-0.4 grams per day. Standard doses in research studies have been 1.5 to 3.0 grams per day, usually divided into two doses. Toxicity at these doses is unlikely, as the no-observed-adverse-event-level (NOAEL) in rats is between 2.48 to 2.83 g/kg BW per day, roughly equivalent to 70 to 100 g/day in humans.