A computational model of action selection in the basal ganglia. I. A
... the resolution of con¯icts between functional units that are physically separated within the brain but are in competition for behavioural expression. Stated informally, it is the problem of how we decide `what to do next'. This situation is particularly acute if several such units are competing for ...
... the resolution of con¯icts between functional units that are physically separated within the brain but are in competition for behavioural expression. Stated informally, it is the problem of how we decide `what to do next'. This situation is particularly acute if several such units are competing for ...
Reward-Related Responses in the Human Striatum
... response of the human striatum through different phases of reward processing. Two interesting questions surfaced, however, with respect to the striatum signal during affective outcomes. First, while activation in both dorsal and ventral striatum was observed during delivery of rewards and punishment ...
... response of the human striatum through different phases of reward processing. Two interesting questions surfaced, however, with respect to the striatum signal during affective outcomes. First, while activation in both dorsal and ventral striatum was observed during delivery of rewards and punishment ...
Temporal reproduction and its neuroanatomical correlates in adults
... In healthy individuals temporal information processing seems to engage multiple brain areas including the cerebellum, basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex (e.g. Ivry, 1996, Ivry et al., 2002, Meck et al., 2008). To our knowledge, there are no studies to date examining the association between neuroan ...
... In healthy individuals temporal information processing seems to engage multiple brain areas including the cerebellum, basal ganglia and prefrontal cortex (e.g. Ivry, 1996, Ivry et al., 2002, Meck et al., 2008). To our knowledge, there are no studies to date examining the association between neuroan ...
Levels of kinesin light chain and dynein intermediate
... Accumulations of organelles and of various proteins in axons and in cell body of neurons are observed in a number of neurodegenerative diseases [11]. A disruption of axoplasmic transport, an essential mechanism for maintenance of neuronal function is thought to underly the formation of these lesions ...
... Accumulations of organelles and of various proteins in axons and in cell body of neurons are observed in a number of neurodegenerative diseases [11]. A disruption of axoplasmic transport, an essential mechanism for maintenance of neuronal function is thought to underly the formation of these lesions ...
Bischoff_Thesis_notes
... Both active during simple repetitive arm movements (Brooks et al., 1993) Both active during premovement phase (Deiber et al., 1996) Repetitive finger movement paced by metronome – (Friston et al., 1992) - Increase in cerebellum after practice Basal ganglia increase with sequences (Jenkins et ...
... Both active during simple repetitive arm movements (Brooks et al., 1993) Both active during premovement phase (Deiber et al., 1996) Repetitive finger movement paced by metronome – (Friston et al., 1992) - Increase in cerebellum after practice Basal ganglia increase with sequences (Jenkins et ...
Characterizing cognition in ADHD: beyond executive dysfunction
... times (SSRT) in ADHD (Cohen’s effect size, dZ0.58) [18]. However, several potential confounds complicate the interpretation of this difference. First, children with ADHD also exhibit significantly slower RTs to Go stimuli (dZ0.52) which may disproportionately influence the calculation of the SSRT. S ...
... times (SSRT) in ADHD (Cohen’s effect size, dZ0.58) [18]. However, several potential confounds complicate the interpretation of this difference. First, children with ADHD also exhibit significantly slower RTs to Go stimuli (dZ0.52) which may disproportionately influence the calculation of the SSRT. S ...
The GABAergic system in schizophrenia
... 1999). In-vivo pharmacological manipulation of the GABAergic system indicates that GABAergic function is potentially relevant to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. For example, blockade of GABA receptors with picrotoxin in the prefrontal cortex of rats impairs sensorimotor gating, an effect that ...
... 1999). In-vivo pharmacological manipulation of the GABAergic system indicates that GABAergic function is potentially relevant to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. For example, blockade of GABA receptors with picrotoxin in the prefrontal cortex of rats impairs sensorimotor gating, an effect that ...
PATHWAYS FOR EMOTION : INTERACTIONS OF PREFRONTAL AND THE RHESUS MONKEY
... Olmos, 1990). Disruption of these pathways seriously a¡ects emotional expression, as exempli¢ed by the inability of patients with orbitofrontal lesions to respond autonomically in emotional situations (Damasio et al., 1990; for review see Kling and Steklis, 1976). Even though such patients have inta ...
... Olmos, 1990). Disruption of these pathways seriously a¡ects emotional expression, as exempli¢ed by the inability of patients with orbitofrontal lesions to respond autonomically in emotional situations (Damasio et al., 1990; for review see Kling and Steklis, 1976). Even though such patients have inta ...
Neurofilament and Calcium-Binding Proteins in the
... Sinai Medical Center, New York, the Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland, and the Department of Anatomy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. The materials were collected according to appropriate ethical guidelines and all protocols were reviewed and appr ...
... Sinai Medical Center, New York, the Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva School of Medicine, Switzerland, and the Department of Anatomy, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain. The materials were collected according to appropriate ethical guidelines and all protocols were reviewed and appr ...
Differences in Control of Limb Dynamics During Dominant and
... control strategy, in which movement of both joints was primarily driven by the effects of shoulder muscles. In addition, right hand path direction changes were independent of elbow interaction torque impulse, indicating skillful coordination of muscle actions with intersegmental dynamics. In contras ...
... control strategy, in which movement of both joints was primarily driven by the effects of shoulder muscles. In addition, right hand path direction changes were independent of elbow interaction torque impulse, indicating skillful coordination of muscle actions with intersegmental dynamics. In contras ...
1 - Philosophy and Predictive Processing
... seen, the idea that perception is partly driven by top-down processes is not new (which is not to deny that dominant theories of perception have for a long time marginalized their role). The novel contribution of PP is that it puts an extreme emphasis on this idea, depicting the influence of top-dow ...
... seen, the idea that perception is partly driven by top-down processes is not new (which is not to deny that dominant theories of perception have for a long time marginalized their role). The novel contribution of PP is that it puts an extreme emphasis on this idea, depicting the influence of top-dow ...
Reward Systems in the Brain and Nutrition
... also other neurons that encode oral somatosensory stimuli, including viscosity, fat texture, and temperature as well as capsaicin (found in hot peppers) (176). Some neurons in the primary taste cortex respond to particular combinations of taste and oral texture stimuli, but macaque insular taste cor ...
... also other neurons that encode oral somatosensory stimuli, including viscosity, fat texture, and temperature as well as capsaicin (found in hot peppers) (176). Some neurons in the primary taste cortex respond to particular combinations of taste and oral texture stimuli, but macaque insular taste cor ...
Topographic Organization of Corticospinal Projections from the
... precentral sulcus @PCS),and the ventral premotor area (PMv), which is in and adjacent to the caudal bank of the arcuate sulcus (ArS) at its inferior limb. In subsequent reports, we will present our findings on the origin of corticospinal projections from (1) the premotor areas on the medial wall of ...
... precentral sulcus @PCS),and the ventral premotor area (PMv), which is in and adjacent to the caudal bank of the arcuate sulcus (ArS) at its inferior limb. In subsequent reports, we will present our findings on the origin of corticospinal projections from (1) the premotor areas on the medial wall of ...
Linking form and motion in the primate brain
... versa. Studies in MT confirm this prediction [27–29] but the same stimuli used in V1 did not show any significant association between behavioral choice and neural response. These findings suggest that the computation of structure from motion starts as early as in MT, but not in V1. However, this doe ...
... versa. Studies in MT confirm this prediction [27–29] but the same stimuli used in V1 did not show any significant association between behavioral choice and neural response. These findings suggest that the computation of structure from motion starts as early as in MT, but not in V1. However, this doe ...
Isolated Retrograde Amnesia
... sensory cortices in which they were originally registered. Recalling of an episode therefore requires similar neural activity patterns to those which occurred when the event was initially perceived. It is suggested that DH’s lesions disrupted ...
... sensory cortices in which they were originally registered. Recalling of an episode therefore requires similar neural activity patterns to those which occurred when the event was initially perceived. It is suggested that DH’s lesions disrupted ...
Role of Ratings of Perceived Exertion during Self
... model [8, 9]. Many of these models indicate that afferent sensory feedback from various physiological systems is received by the thalamus and regulated within the brain [1, 2, 5, 9]. This information, in addition to several other factors such as knowledge of the task duration/distance remaining, mem ...
... model [8, 9]. Many of these models indicate that afferent sensory feedback from various physiological systems is received by the thalamus and regulated within the brain [1, 2, 5, 9]. This information, in addition to several other factors such as knowledge of the task duration/distance remaining, mem ...
Direction of action is represented in the ventral premotor cortex
... location of a target, specified in an external coordinate frame, into a set of muscle activation patterns, specified in an intrinsic coordinate frame. Insight into the sensorimotor transformations involved in this process1,2 and how these transformations are implemented in the central nervous system ...
... location of a target, specified in an external coordinate frame, into a set of muscle activation patterns, specified in an intrinsic coordinate frame. Insight into the sensorimotor transformations involved in this process1,2 and how these transformations are implemented in the central nervous system ...
Martin, Neuroscientist 2005
... The corticospinal system connects the frontal and anterior parietal lobes with the spinal gray matter. Early in development, corticospinal neurons are distributed throughout much of the frontal and parietal lobes, and parts of the occipital and temporal lobes, but their distribution is later restric ...
... The corticospinal system connects the frontal and anterior parietal lobes with the spinal gray matter. Early in development, corticospinal neurons are distributed throughout much of the frontal and parietal lobes, and parts of the occipital and temporal lobes, but their distribution is later restric ...
Sub-exemplar Shape Tuning in Human Face
... others 2001, 2004). Using a wide array of stimuli, it has been shown that a consistent feature of these areas is a preferential activation to face images compared with other object categories, although the exact role of such selectivity is still debated (Kanwisher and others 1997; Gauthier and other ...
... others 2001, 2004). Using a wide array of stimuli, it has been shown that a consistent feature of these areas is a preferential activation to face images compared with other object categories, although the exact role of such selectivity is still debated (Kanwisher and others 1997; Gauthier and other ...
Aerobic Glycolysis in the Frontal Cortex Correlates with Memory
... Aerobic glycolysis and lactate production in the brain plays a key role in memory, yet the role of this metabolism in the cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains poorly understood. Here we examined the relationship between cerebral lactate levels and memory performance in ...
... Aerobic glycolysis and lactate production in the brain plays a key role in memory, yet the role of this metabolism in the cognitive decline associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) remains poorly understood. Here we examined the relationship between cerebral lactate levels and memory performance in ...
CORTICAL PLASTICITY: From Synapses to Maps
... et al 1986). This form of associative plasticity is of particular interest because it is an instantiation of Hebb’s postulate—essentially, that simultaneous pre- and postsynaptic activity results in the strengthening of the synaptic connection. For neurons to implement Hebb’s rule, they must possess ...
... et al 1986). This form of associative plasticity is of particular interest because it is an instantiation of Hebb’s postulate—essentially, that simultaneous pre- and postsynaptic activity results in the strengthening of the synaptic connection. For neurons to implement Hebb’s rule, they must possess ...
Insula function in anorexia nervosa
... There are two types of anorexia nervosa1, 2. The first type is the restricting-type anorexia nervosa in which anorexic individuals lose weight just by dieting and restriction to eat1, 2. The other type is the binge-eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa1, 2. In this type individuals also restrict t ...
... There are two types of anorexia nervosa1, 2. The first type is the restricting-type anorexia nervosa in which anorexic individuals lose weight just by dieting and restriction to eat1, 2. The other type is the binge-eating/purging type of anorexia nervosa1, 2. In this type individuals also restrict t ...
Forebrain Origins and Terminations of the Medial Forebrain Bundle
... An index was robust only if the ANOVA showed no significant effect of ...
... An index was robust only if the ANOVA showed no significant effect of ...
Here - Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience
... & Cohen, 1988; Scoville & Milner, 1957; Squire, 1986), together with other elements of Papez’s circuit (Aggleton & Brown, 1999). Within the spatial domain, neuropsychological studies have left little doubt that the medial temporal lobe, particularly in the right hemisphere, is critical for rememberi ...
... & Cohen, 1988; Scoville & Milner, 1957; Squire, 1986), together with other elements of Papez’s circuit (Aggleton & Brown, 1999). Within the spatial domain, neuropsychological studies have left little doubt that the medial temporal lobe, particularly in the right hemisphere, is critical for rememberi ...
Neurodegenerative Changes in the Motor Cortex and Cerebellum in Wistar... Following Acute Pneumococcal Meningitis
... function and cerebellar cortex concerned with motor function, equilibrium and balance. Neuronal damage was very severe in both the regions. In the case of cerebral cortex there was 60-70% neuronal loss was documented. Further the surviving neurons in the meningitis brain decreased in their size as w ...
... function and cerebellar cortex concerned with motor function, equilibrium and balance. Neuronal damage was very severe in both the regions. In the case of cerebral cortex there was 60-70% neuronal loss was documented. Further the surviving neurons in the meningitis brain decreased in their size as w ...