What insights can fMRI offer into the structure and function of mid-tier visual areas?
... not firing rates, then at least some aspect the way in which different V1-encoded visual features are represented in V1. This very integrative view of V1 as a node in a distributed network makes particular sense when one considers that, perhaps, 10% of the inputs to V1 come from “below” V1 (i.e., su ...
... not firing rates, then at least some aspect the way in which different V1-encoded visual features are represented in V1. This very integrative view of V1 as a node in a distributed network makes particular sense when one considers that, perhaps, 10% of the inputs to V1 come from “below” V1 (i.e., su ...
Sensory feedback for upper limb prostheses
... form and texture of objects. With the vibratory sense, a blind person can construct an internal representation of his or her environment based solely on inputs that they receive through the cane. This suggests that providing prosthesis users with the sense of vibration through the PC system is a via ...
... form and texture of objects. With the vibratory sense, a blind person can construct an internal representation of his or her environment based solely on inputs that they receive through the cane. This suggests that providing prosthesis users with the sense of vibration through the PC system is a via ...
The neural mechanisms of top- down attentional control
... for localization of neural activity, which this technique provides, with neuroimaging methods that selectively extract components of hemodynamic activity15 correlated with distinct aspects of complex-task performance. Here we used event-related fMRI methods to determine which brain regions were invo ...
... for localization of neural activity, which this technique provides, with neuroimaging methods that selectively extract components of hemodynamic activity15 correlated with distinct aspects of complex-task performance. Here we used event-related fMRI methods to determine which brain regions were invo ...
Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation Polymicrogyria
... ular layer under the pia. Although this feature disappears by 27 to 30 weeks of gestation, areas of retained superficial granular layers can normally be found in the cortex of the temporal lobes and basal cortex of the frontal lobes throughout life. All cortical layers undergo special organization, ...
... ular layer under the pia. Although this feature disappears by 27 to 30 weeks of gestation, areas of retained superficial granular layers can normally be found in the cortex of the temporal lobes and basal cortex of the frontal lobes throughout life. All cortical layers undergo special organization, ...
Mammalian Cerebral Cortex: Embryonic Development
... neurons anchored to the first lamina by their apical dendrites and smooth somata with short descending axons. Eventually these pyramidal neurons become the major component of the cortical gray matter (Chapters 3 and 4). Consequently, the term “neocortex” often used to describe the mammalian cerebral ...
... neurons anchored to the first lamina by their apical dendrites and smooth somata with short descending axons. Eventually these pyramidal neurons become the major component of the cortical gray matter (Chapters 3 and 4). Consequently, the term “neocortex” often used to describe the mammalian cerebral ...
Review The Neural Basis of Perceptual Learning
... and Levi, 1995; Fahle and Morgan, 1996). Other visual perceptual tasks that improve with training include the ability to discriminate orientation (Vogels and Orban, 1985; Shiu and Pashler, 1992; Schoups et al., 1995), the direction of motion (Ball and Sekuler, 1982, 1987), the differences in the wav ...
... and Levi, 1995; Fahle and Morgan, 1996). Other visual perceptual tasks that improve with training include the ability to discriminate orientation (Vogels and Orban, 1985; Shiu and Pashler, 1992; Schoups et al., 1995), the direction of motion (Ball and Sekuler, 1982, 1987), the differences in the wav ...
PPT - UCLA Health
... unblocks the channel but since Neuron A is not active, no glutamate is bound and the channel does not open. Only when both Neuron A and Neuron B are activated does the NMDA receptor ...
... unblocks the channel but since Neuron A is not active, no glutamate is bound and the channel does not open. Only when both Neuron A and Neuron B are activated does the NMDA receptor ...
Abstract
... the axons were partially misrouted ventrally in the ventral telencephalon just after crossing the diencephalon-telen cephalon border. In sprawl and baffled mutants, the axons were overfasciculated and disorganized in the internal capsule, and they also stalled at the corticostriatal boundary. In bu ...
... the axons were partially misrouted ventrally in the ventral telencephalon just after crossing the diencephalon-telen cephalon border. In sprawl and baffled mutants, the axons were overfasciculated and disorganized in the internal capsule, and they also stalled at the corticostriatal boundary. In bu ...
Physiology Ch 55 p667-678 [4-25
... -motor cortex divided into primary motor cortex, premotor area, and supplementary motor area Primary Motor Cortex – in the 1st convolution of frontal lobes anterior to central sulcus; begins laterally in sylvian fissure and spreads superiorly to uppermost brain, into longitudinal fissure -more than ...
... -motor cortex divided into primary motor cortex, premotor area, and supplementary motor area Primary Motor Cortex – in the 1st convolution of frontal lobes anterior to central sulcus; begins laterally in sylvian fissure and spreads superiorly to uppermost brain, into longitudinal fissure -more than ...
Graduiertenkolleg Adaptivity in Hybrid Cognitive Systems Artificial
... AI 1: Development of a Module for the Modeling of Logical Theories with Neural Networks The starting point of this dissertation project is the transfer of logical terms and formulas into a version of a variable-free logic, where elements can be considered as arrows in a Topos. By interpreting arrows ...
... AI 1: Development of a Module for the Modeling of Logical Theories with Neural Networks The starting point of this dissertation project is the transfer of logical terms and formulas into a version of a variable-free logic, where elements can be considered as arrows in a Topos. By interpreting arrows ...
2. Study Guide Chapter 2
... 5. The extension of a neuron that transmits information to other neurons is the ; some of these extensions are insulated by a layer of fatty cells called the , which helps speed the neuron’s impulses. ...
... 5. The extension of a neuron that transmits information to other neurons is the ; some of these extensions are insulated by a layer of fatty cells called the , which helps speed the neuron’s impulses. ...
Science - Princeton University
... "posterior-pulvinar system" of the cat (6). These findings, and the facts that inferotemporal cortex receives afferents from both prestriate cortex and the pulvinar ( 4 ) , strongly suggest that this tissue receives and processes visual information from both the ipsilateral and the contralateral occ ...
... "posterior-pulvinar system" of the cat (6). These findings, and the facts that inferotemporal cortex receives afferents from both prestriate cortex and the pulvinar ( 4 ) , strongly suggest that this tissue receives and processes visual information from both the ipsilateral and the contralateral occ ...
Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human
... cells in the human cerebral cortex as 3, 7, 14, 19 –23, or 21–26 billion neurons and, very recently, 28 –39 billion glial cells (Pelvig et al., 2008), and the number of cells in the human cerebellum has been estimated as 70 or 101 billion neurons (Lange, 1975; Andersen et al., 1992) and fewer than 4 ...
... cells in the human cerebral cortex as 3, 7, 14, 19 –23, or 21–26 billion neurons and, very recently, 28 –39 billion glial cells (Pelvig et al., 2008), and the number of cells in the human cerebellum has been estimated as 70 or 101 billion neurons (Lange, 1975; Andersen et al., 1992) and fewer than 4 ...
Physiology of the Striate Cortex
... • Hierarchy of complex receptive fields • Retinal ganglion cells: Center-surround structure, Sensitive to contrast, and wavelength of light • Striate cortex: Orientation selectivity, direction selectivity, and binocularity • Extrastriate cortical areas: Selective responsive to complex shapes; e.g., ...
... • Hierarchy of complex receptive fields • Retinal ganglion cells: Center-surround structure, Sensitive to contrast, and wavelength of light • Striate cortex: Orientation selectivity, direction selectivity, and binocularity • Extrastriate cortical areas: Selective responsive to complex shapes; e.g., ...
Brain Day Volunteer Instructor Manual
... The human eye is ~2.5cm in length and weighs about 7g (less than three pennies!). Muscles control the movement of the eye. The eyelid protects the surface of the eye. Tears clean the eye’s surface. The surface of the eye, the cornea, acts like a filter. The iris and pupil adjust to the amount of lig ...
... The human eye is ~2.5cm in length and weighs about 7g (less than three pennies!). Muscles control the movement of the eye. The eyelid protects the surface of the eye. Tears clean the eye’s surface. The surface of the eye, the cornea, acts like a filter. The iris and pupil adjust to the amount of lig ...
"Touch". In: Encyclopedia of Life Sciences (ELS)
... Touch is defined as direct contact between two physical bodies. In neuroscience, touch describes the special sense by which contact with the body is perceived in the conscious mind. Touch allows us to recognise objects held in the hand, and use them as tools. Because the skin is elastic, it forms a ...
... Touch is defined as direct contact between two physical bodies. In neuroscience, touch describes the special sense by which contact with the body is perceived in the conscious mind. Touch allows us to recognise objects held in the hand, and use them as tools. Because the skin is elastic, it forms a ...
... layers (Fig.2D). In the dorsal part, no immunofluorescent cells were detected. Control sections in which the primary antibody was omitted showed no immunoreactivity. The control experiments showed that the secondary antibodies did not cross-react with each other (data not shown). In old mouse lemurs ...
Reaction Time Task
... frontal lobe task. These results are discussed in terms of the need to develop new technologies that help people with schizophrenia keep their brain in a functional state. Caveat: The data presented are illustrative examples based on small sample sizes using each subject as their own control. The ba ...
... frontal lobe task. These results are discussed in terms of the need to develop new technologies that help people with schizophrenia keep their brain in a functional state. Caveat: The data presented are illustrative examples based on small sample sizes using each subject as their own control. The ba ...
text of chapter 2
... When artists and academic psychologists look at René Magritte's The Lovers, they probably notice different aspects of the canvas (Figure 2.1). Artists may observe the overall composition with its intersecting diagonals, and the skillful shading that helps give perspective to the shrouded figures. Pe ...
... When artists and academic psychologists look at René Magritte's The Lovers, they probably notice different aspects of the canvas (Figure 2.1). Artists may observe the overall composition with its intersecting diagonals, and the skillful shading that helps give perspective to the shrouded figures. Pe ...
Features of Neuronal Synchrony in Mouse Visual Cortex
... spike timing is generated intracortically and dependent on global stimulus properties (for review see Engel and Singer 2001; Engel et al. 2001; Singer 1999; Singer and Gray 1995). Therefore it is not a mere reflection of network connectivity but, rather, a result of context-dependent dynamic interac ...
... spike timing is generated intracortically and dependent on global stimulus properties (for review see Engel and Singer 2001; Engel et al. 2001; Singer 1999; Singer and Gray 1995). Therefore it is not a mere reflection of network connectivity but, rather, a result of context-dependent dynamic interac ...
Potential Utility of Optogenetics in the Study of
... optogenetics permit control over specific subtypes of neurons or their afferent or efferent projections and can greatly further our understanding of the neural mechanisms involved in depression and the mechanism of action of deep brain stimulation and perhaps chemical antidepressants. Here, we discu ...
... optogenetics permit control over specific subtypes of neurons or their afferent or efferent projections and can greatly further our understanding of the neural mechanisms involved in depression and the mechanism of action of deep brain stimulation and perhaps chemical antidepressants. Here, we discu ...
Supplemental Data Millisecond-Timescale Optical Control of Neural
... together and classified as one multiunit, then if any of the neurons are light-modulated, the entire multiunit will likely be classified as light-modulated). However, the fact that almost all cells recorded were modulated by light is consistent with the idea that the observed modulations were largel ...
... together and classified as one multiunit, then if any of the neurons are light-modulated, the entire multiunit will likely be classified as light-modulated). However, the fact that almost all cells recorded were modulated by light is consistent with the idea that the observed modulations were largel ...
The role of temporal parameters in a thalamocortical model of analogy
... about the anatomical connectivity and physiology of the cortical maps than decades ago, such as layout of visual areas [1], [2] and long-range horizontal connectivity [3], [4], we still lack the understanding of how these maps work as an integrated system to give rise to a coherent behavior. One key ...
... about the anatomical connectivity and physiology of the cortical maps than decades ago, such as layout of visual areas [1], [2] and long-range horizontal connectivity [3], [4], we still lack the understanding of how these maps work as an integrated system to give rise to a coherent behavior. One key ...
3 Anatomy of the Nervous System
... The vertebrate nervous system is composed of two divisions: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system (see Figure 3.1). Roughly speaking, the central nervous system (CNS) is the division of the nervous system that is located within the skull and spine; the peripheral nervous syste ...
... The vertebrate nervous system is composed of two divisions: the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system (see Figure 3.1). Roughly speaking, the central nervous system (CNS) is the division of the nervous system that is located within the skull and spine; the peripheral nervous syste ...
Lecture notes for October 9, 2015 FINAL
... The three major sensory tracts involve chains of neurons o First-order neuron Delivers sensations to the CNS The cell body is in the dorsal or cranial root ganglion o Second-order neuron An interneuron with the cell body in the spinal cord or brain o Third-order neuron Transmits information ...
... The three major sensory tracts involve chains of neurons o First-order neuron Delivers sensations to the CNS The cell body is in the dorsal or cranial root ganglion o Second-order neuron An interneuron with the cell body in the spinal cord or brain o Third-order neuron Transmits information ...
Neural correlates of consciousness
The neural correlates of consciousness (NCC) constitute the minimal set of neuronal events and mechanisms sufficient for a specific conscious percept. Neuroscientists use empirical approaches to discover neural correlates of subjective phenomena. The set should be minimal because, under the assumption that the brain is sufficient to give rise to any given conscious experience, the question is which of its components is necessary to produce it.