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Solutions for Practice Problems for Molecular Biology, Session 3
Solutions for Practice Problems for Molecular Biology, Session 3

... f) A mutation occurs which results in the insertion of an extra G/C (top strand/bottom strand) base- pair immediately after base pair 11 (shown in bold). What effect will this insertion mutation have on the mRNA transcript and resulting protein? The mRNA will be longer by one nucleotide, but because ...
RNA Viruses
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... RNA Viruses • All synthesize through a double stranded intermediate - RI replication intermediate • RNA dependent RNA polymerase of viral origin but may need host factors • Termini contain recognition signals for replicase ...
Overview: The Flow of Genetic Information • The information content
Overview: The Flow of Genetic Information • The information content

... Elongation of the RNA Strand • As RNA polymerase moves along the DNA, it untwists the double helix, 10 to 20 bases at a time • Transcription progresses at a rate of 40 nucleotides per second in eukaryotes • A gene can be transcribed simultaneously by several RNA polymerases • Nucleotides are added t ...
Ch. 17 Protein Synthesis
Ch. 17 Protein Synthesis

...  mRNA (messenger RNA) brings DNA message out of nucleus to the cytoplasm  Each 3 bases on mRNA is a “codon”  tRNA (transfer RNA) –The anticodon that matches with the codon from mRNA to determine which amino acid joins the protein ...
Bio102 Problems
Bio102 Problems

... E. that there will be no effect on gene expression. 12. A tRNA has an anticodon sequence of 5’ GAU 3’. What amino acid should be attached to this tRNA? Ile ...
MOPAC: Motif-finding by Preprocessing and Agglomerative
MOPAC: Motif-finding by Preprocessing and Agglomerative

... • Problem: can cluster genes based on response pattern, but then what? – not all genes in cluster are regulated the same way ...
Review-Qs-for-modern-genetics
Review-Qs-for-modern-genetics

... 1. The main enzyme involved in DNA replication is RNA polymerase. FALSE – DNA polymerase. 2. To determine the amino acid, look up the three base anticodon on the genetic dictionary FALSE – codon. 3. Ligase joins DNA fragments of the lagging strand. TRUE 4. DNA polymerase lengthens the new strands fr ...
DNA/RNA/Protein Questions
DNA/RNA/Protein Questions

... Be able to take a DNA strand and make it RNA!!!!!! ...
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DNA and Proteins
DNA and Proteins

... 8. tRNA then goes and finds the corresponding Amino Acid and brings them to the ribosome to be synthesized into protein. 9. The process of converting codons into anticodons and then amino acids is called Translation. More specifically, the mRNA creates codes for the proteins from DNA. These codes oc ...
Prokaryotic Gene Expression
Prokaryotic Gene Expression

... Control of Transcription in Viruses • Viruses also have gene regulation mechanisms. • Bacteriophage  is a temperate phage, meaning that it can undergo either a lytic or a lysogenic cycle. • When host bacteria are growing in rich medium, the prophage remains lysogenic; when the host is less healthy ...
CHAPTER 13 Frontiers of Genetics
CHAPTER 13 Frontiers of Genetics

... sequences, is called an operon. One control sequence, the promoter, is a binding site for an enzyme needed in DNA transcription. The other control sequence, the operator, switches the promoter on and off. A protein called the repressor turns the operator off by binding to it. This process enables pr ...
energy currency for cell - Hermantown Community Schools
energy currency for cell - Hermantown Community Schools

... • The structure of the R group makes the amino acids different from each other. • The R groups between the different amino acids help create the proteins shape. • Folds and bonds form creating distinct protein shapes ...
Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis

... mRNA: A U G C C U C A C G A G C G U G C G C U A U G A Codons and anticodons consist of 3 nucleotides. How many codons are on the above mRNA strand? 8 Now mRNA can take it’s copy of the DNA code to the ribosome ...
Prokaryotic Gene Expression (Learning Objectives)
Prokaryotic Gene Expression (Learning Objectives)

... molecular components of their regulation: operon, structural genes, promoter, operator, repressor and corepressor, inducer, activator, and activator binding site. 4. Compare and contrast the molecular mechanism (on/off switches) controlling expression of repressible and inducible operons. ...
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... Go back to the first page of the DNA Workshop. Click on the DNA Workshop Activity, then click on protein synthesis. 5. How long can an mRNA sequence be for real? ...
GENE EXPRESSION: CONTROL IN BACTERIA AND PHAGES
GENE EXPRESSION: CONTROL IN BACTERIA AND PHAGES

... 8. The  repressor favors lysogeny and represses lysis; therefore, a  phage that enters an E. coli cell containing high concentrations of the  repressor will likely undergo lysogeny. The cro gene product favors lysis and represses lysogeny, so if the same phage enters an E. coli cell containing hi ...
RNA and Protein Synthesis
RNA and Protein Synthesis

... 1. What does RNA stand for? Ribonucleic Acid 2. What is the sugar in RNA? Ribose 3. What are the three parts of an RNA nucleotide? Nitrogen base, 5-Carbon Sugar, and Phosphate Group 4. What are the three differences between RNA and DNA? The Sugars, (Ribose vs. Deoxyribose,) the nitrogen bases, (U vs ...
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING Protein biosynthesis is
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND PROCESSING Protein biosynthesis is

... of two main chains of RNA, called ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and more than 50 different proteins. The ribosome latches onto the end of an mRNA molecule and moves along it, capturing loaded tRNA molecules and joining together their amino acids to form a new protein chain. ...
Vocabulary “Inside the Cell”, Chapters 1 and 2
Vocabulary “Inside the Cell”, Chapters 1 and 2

... mRNA serves as a template to make a single type of protein. ...
1 Cell biology
1 Cell biology

... Flagellum a relatively long extension of the cell used in locomotion. Golgi body a eukaryotic organelle that modifies proteins after translation. Histone a protein associated with DNA that plays a role in gene expression and the packing of DNA. Lysosome a cellular organelle involved in cellular dige ...
RNA and Protein synthesis
RNA and Protein synthesis

... specific DNA sequences, thereby controlling the of genetic information from DNA to mRNA. Transcription factors perform this function alone or with other proteins in a complex, by promoting (as an activator), or blocking (as a repressor) the recruitment of RNA polymerase. • -Upregulation, activation, ...
DNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
DNA AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

... Composed of nucleotides, but differs from DNA in three ways. 1. Single strand of nucleotides instead of double stranded 2. Has uracil instead of thymine 3. Contains ribose instead of deoxyribose ...
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Transcriptional regulation

In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity. A single gene can be regulated in a range of ways, from altering the number of copies of RNA that are transcribed, to the temporal control of when the gene is transcribed. This control allows the cell or organism to respond to a variety of intra- and extracellular signals and thus mount a response. Some examples of this include producing the mRNA that encode enzymes to adapt to a change in a food source, producing the gene products involved in cell cycle specific activities, and producing the gene products responsible for cellular differentiation in higher eukaryotes.The regulation of transcription is a vital process in all living organisms. It is orchestrated by transcription factors and other proteins working in concert to finely tune the amount of RNA being produced through a variety of mechanisms. Prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms have very different strategies of accomplishing control over transcription, but some important features remain conserved between the two. Most importantly is the idea of combinatorial control, which is that any given gene is likely controlled by a specific combination of factors to control transcription. In a hypothetical example, the factors A and B might regulate a distinct set of genes from the combination of factors A and C. This combinatorial nature extends to complexes of far more than two proteins, and allows a very small subset (less than 10%) of the genome to control the transcriptional program of the entire cell.
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