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from_Bi_150_molbiol
from_Bi_150_molbiol

... Males are XY; females are XX. ...
All Living things pass on their genetic heritage by common processes.
All Living things pass on their genetic heritage by common processes.

... All Living things pass on their genetic heritage by common processes. Lecture Outline No. 13 DNA is the genetic material 1. “One gene-one polypeptide” theory (see “one gene-one enzyme” theory). George Beadle and Edward Tatum (late 40’s to early 50’s) used X-rays to induce mutations in Neurospora cra ...
171392_ProteinSyn
171392_ProteinSyn

... •tRNA (transfer RNA) moves to the ribosome and matches to three bases segments of mRNA called codons. •Each tRNA is carrying an Amino Acid •Amino Acids form peptide bonds to make Proteins ...
Gene Control of Cellular Activities
Gene Control of Cellular Activities

... ƒ Carries information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and helps in the protein synthesis mechanisms of cell. ...
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... 20 aa are found in proteins, so there must be a minimum of 20 different types of tRNA ...
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006 I
The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2006 I

... However, when researchers returned to eukaryotic cells after this discovery no one managed to find the sigma factor. It gradually transpired that in eukaryotes there are five different molecular complexes which correspond to the single sigma factor in bacteria. All of them are necessary for transcr ...
Day 2 (Jan. 23) Scribe Notes
Day 2 (Jan. 23) Scribe Notes

... a “true nucleus”. Prokaryotes (such as bacteria) do not have nuclei or ribosomes. Moreover, their DNA includes no introns. This may help them evolve faster by causing more variation among their genotypes. Eukaryotic genomes, by contrast, are more robust and stable. A particular region of DNA does no ...
RNA & Protein Synthesis
RNA & Protein Synthesis

... RNA is the link between DNA & protein! • DNA is found in the nucleus of cells, but proteins are built in the cytoplasm. • DNA cannot leave the nucleus, so a copy of the gene is made in the form of a similar nucleic acid called RNA ...
Protein Synthesis
Protein Synthesis

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DNA Study guide
DNA Study guide

... 1. Know the parts of a nucleotide and how they combine in a finished DNA molecule. 2. Be sure to know the four types of nucleotides and how they pair together. 3. Know the importance of Franklin, Watson, and Crick. 4. Be able to diagram DNA replication until two identical strands of DNA are created, ...
Transcription. (Ms. Shivani Bhagwat)
Transcription. (Ms. Shivani Bhagwat)

... been derived from a much larger database of over 300 well-characterized promoters. The "consensus sequence" is a hypothetical sequence made up of the nucleotides found most often in each position. There may be no single organism with this exact set of nucleotides in the stated positions. The promote ...
CHAPTER 18 LECTURE NOTES: CONTROL OF GENE
CHAPTER 18 LECTURE NOTES: CONTROL OF GENE

... A. The trp operon encodes genes that are required for the synthesis of tryptophan (Trp) when it is not available in the growth medium. B. Physiological observation was that excess Trp in the media represses trp expression. This makes sense because there is no need to make Trp if it is in the media. ...
Study Guide Genetic Systems 2015 File
Study Guide Genetic Systems 2015 File

... BRING A CACLULATOR TO THE EXAM In each section, relevant hw assignments and class notes are identified. If you need further instruction on the material some sections have tutorials linked. ...
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lecture notes

...  Eukaryotes : ‘diploid’ having pairs of attached chromosomes. Each is the same except having possibly different versions of genes (alleles)  One allele may dominate over other (for example, black hair over blonde) or may work together (for example, blood group A & B giving rise to AB) Eukaryotes  ...
From Gene to Protein
From Gene to Protein

... polypeptide synthesis –Facilitates the specific coupling of tRNA anticodons with mRNA codons during protein ...
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From DNA to Protein

... expression & cell-to-cell signalling Homeotic gene = master control gene that regulates all other genes ...
SNUG DC Pamphlet Jan 2007
SNUG DC Pamphlet Jan 2007

... shows the structural basis of this. This work can potentially lead to insights into cancer treatment, gene therapy, and other important disease treatments. This process of gene expression starts when an RNA message is copied from DNA. But the exact mechanism by which RNA does this has not been well ...
Transcription in prokaryotes Elongation and termination
Transcription in prokaryotes Elongation and termination

... •Both require breaking of hydrogen bonds •Both requires additional proteins to interact with core enzyme. Differences: •Initiation relies solely on interaction between DNA and pol •Termination involves recognition of signals in the transcript by RNA pol and ancillary enzymes ...
Chapter 1 Notes
Chapter 1 Notes

... Drosophila block pigment synthesis at a specific step by preventing production of the enzyme that catalyzes that step -b/c each mutant was defective in a single gene, the function of a gene is to dictate the production of an enzyme ...
Ch 16-17 High
Ch 16-17 High

... • Hershey-Chase (1952) DNA IS hereditary material • Watson and Crick (1953) (Franklin) chemical structure of DNA ...
DNA Transcription & Translation
DNA Transcription & Translation

... particular amino acid. Amino acids are joined together in the correct sequence to form a ...
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Introduction to genome biology

... strand) that tells the RNA polymerase both where to start and on which strand to continue synthesis. E.g. TATA box. • Terminator. Regulatory DNA region signaling end of transcription, at 3' end . • Transcription factor. A protein needed to initiate the transcription of a gene, binds either to specif ...
Hebbian Learning by a Simple Gene Circuit
Hebbian Learning by a Simple Gene Circuit

... the transcription factors and allow them to bind the promotor. In analogy with Hebbian learning, the transcription factor concentrations represent the pre-synaptic activities, the cilia activity and the oPKK concentration represents the post-synaptic activity, and the concentrations of mP Ki represe ...
this lecture as PDF here
this lecture as PDF here

... that thymines in DNA are converted to uracils in RNA, the newly synthesized RNA strand will have the same sequence as the coding (non-template) strand of the DNA. Prokaryote ...
CIS 595 Bioinformatics
CIS 595 Bioinformatics

... Figure 6-65. Translating an mRNA molecule. Each amino acid added to the growing end of a polypeptide chain is selected by complementary base-pairing between the anticodon on its attached tRNA molecule and the next codon on the mRNA chain. Because only one of the many types of tRNA molecules in a cel ...
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Transcriptional regulation

In molecular biology and genetics, transcriptional regulation is the means by which a cell regulates the conversion of DNA to RNA (transcription), thereby orchestrating gene activity. A single gene can be regulated in a range of ways, from altering the number of copies of RNA that are transcribed, to the temporal control of when the gene is transcribed. This control allows the cell or organism to respond to a variety of intra- and extracellular signals and thus mount a response. Some examples of this include producing the mRNA that encode enzymes to adapt to a change in a food source, producing the gene products involved in cell cycle specific activities, and producing the gene products responsible for cellular differentiation in higher eukaryotes.The regulation of transcription is a vital process in all living organisms. It is orchestrated by transcription factors and other proteins working in concert to finely tune the amount of RNA being produced through a variety of mechanisms. Prokaryotic organisms and eukaryotic organisms have very different strategies of accomplishing control over transcription, but some important features remain conserved between the two. Most importantly is the idea of combinatorial control, which is that any given gene is likely controlled by a specific combination of factors to control transcription. In a hypothetical example, the factors A and B might regulate a distinct set of genes from the combination of factors A and C. This combinatorial nature extends to complexes of far more than two proteins, and allows a very small subset (less than 10%) of the genome to control the transcriptional program of the entire cell.
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