Adaptation of a Quantitative Trait to a Moving Optimum
... We assume that the trait z is determined additively by two unlinked haploid loci. At each locus i, there are two alleles, a ‘‘wild-type’’ allele ai and a ‘‘mutant’’ allele Ai. ai can mutate to Ai (and vice versa) at rate m. The contribution of the wild-type allele to the phenotype is 0 and the contr ...
... We assume that the trait z is determined additively by two unlinked haploid loci. At each locus i, there are two alleles, a ‘‘wild-type’’ allele ai and a ‘‘mutant’’ allele Ai. ai can mutate to Ai (and vice versa) at rate m. The contribution of the wild-type allele to the phenotype is 0 and the contr ...
adapt1
... - Can groups replace one another simply by reproductive success?? - First, it would have to be recognized by it's contradiction with organismal selection. - (Sacrifice of fitness at the population level with increase at the level of the group). - Altruism is an obvious example - sacrifice reproducti ...
... - Can groups replace one another simply by reproductive success?? - First, it would have to be recognized by it's contradiction with organismal selection. - (Sacrifice of fitness at the population level with increase at the level of the group). - Altruism is an obvious example - sacrifice reproducti ...
Deleterious mutations can reduce differentiation in small, subdivided
... two different selection models, namely (i) purifying selection against harmful recessive mutations that can occur at many loci, and (ii) stabilizing selection with additive allelic effects at polygenic quantitative traits with an intermediate optimum. The underlying hypotheses are as follows. (i) An ...
... two different selection models, namely (i) purifying selection against harmful recessive mutations that can occur at many loci, and (ii) stabilizing selection with additive allelic effects at polygenic quantitative traits with an intermediate optimum. The underlying hypotheses are as follows. (i) An ...
Evolutionary Algorithms
... Evolutionary algorithms can also be used to edit and produce video. This can be done based upon selection criteria determined by the user. It can be done by either defining criteria to be applied or by interactively performing selection in the evolving population of video clips. The evolutionary mo ...
... Evolutionary algorithms can also be used to edit and produce video. This can be done based upon selection criteria determined by the user. It can be done by either defining criteria to be applied or by interactively performing selection in the evolving population of video clips. The evolutionary mo ...
Quantitative Genetics and Multifactorial Traits
... Inheritance for a polygenic characteristic can be broken up into the inheritance for each individual gene The trick is that after you break the crosses apart, you need to put the results back together As the number of loci affecting a phenotype increases, the number of phenotypic classes increases e ...
... Inheritance for a polygenic characteristic can be broken up into the inheritance for each individual gene The trick is that after you break the crosses apart, you need to put the results back together As the number of loci affecting a phenotype increases, the number of phenotypic classes increases e ...
mean d 2 - Salamander Genome Project
... to the optimum. 2). Offspring of cuckolders had higher values of mean d2 than expected under random mating. They were larger than the parental offspring values and farther from the optimum. ...
... to the optimum. 2). Offspring of cuckolders had higher values of mean d2 than expected under random mating. They were larger than the parental offspring values and farther from the optimum. ...
Microevolution
... Mutations are the only source of additional genetic material and new alleles. That’s okay God, give me the good genes, I’ll pass on the mutations. Mutations are random changes to the genetic code, and thus they are much more likely to be neutral or harmful than they are to be beneficial. See, I was ...
... Mutations are the only source of additional genetic material and new alleles. That’s okay God, give me the good genes, I’ll pass on the mutations. Mutations are random changes to the genetic code, and thus they are much more likely to be neutral or harmful than they are to be beneficial. See, I was ...
Genetic Drift and Natural Selection
... (varying p from 0.1 to 0.9 and N from 10 to 250). N is the population size and p is f(A). Once you have the conditions set, just hit “Start” 8 times and the program will record the results. Record how many simulations had a p=1, 1>p>0, and p=0 in Table 1 below. For example, Figure 1 would be scored ...
... (varying p from 0.1 to 0.9 and N from 10 to 250). N is the population size and p is f(A). Once you have the conditions set, just hit “Start” 8 times and the program will record the results. Record how many simulations had a p=1, 1>p>0, and p=0 in Table 1 below. For example, Figure 1 would be scored ...
Disruptive selection and then what?
... evolves through a series of allele substitutions to a certain trait value where disruptive selection favors different alleles that coexist. Negative frequency-dependent selection: causes the fitness of a phenotype to depend on its frequency, such that rare phenotypes have an advantage over common on ...
... evolves through a series of allele substitutions to a certain trait value where disruptive selection favors different alleles that coexist. Negative frequency-dependent selection: causes the fitness of a phenotype to depend on its frequency, such that rare phenotypes have an advantage over common on ...
marker-assisted backcrossing - Rice Knowledge Bank
... Background selection Theoretical proportion of the recurrent parent genome is given by the formula: 2n+1 - 1 2n+1 Where n = number of backcrosses, assuming large population sizes ...
... Background selection Theoretical proportion of the recurrent parent genome is given by the formula: 2n+1 - 1 2n+1 Where n = number of backcrosses, assuming large population sizes ...
NATURAL SELECTION
... population. When populations get this small, inbreeding results in low genetic diversity. The result is fewer beneficial adaptations that might help the animals survive environmental change, as well as an increase in the occurrence of genetic abnormalities. How can this subspecies of cougar be saved ...
... population. When populations get this small, inbreeding results in low genetic diversity. The result is fewer beneficial adaptations that might help the animals survive environmental change, as well as an increase in the occurrence of genetic abnormalities. How can this subspecies of cougar be saved ...
Molecular breeding: Challenges and perspectives
... GWS focuses exclusively on prediction of performance based on as many loci as possible (unlimited number) GWS avoids QTL mapping altogether • In GWS, the joint effects of all markers are fitted as random effects in a linear model • Trait values are predicted from a weighed index calculated for each ...
... GWS focuses exclusively on prediction of performance based on as many loci as possible (unlimited number) GWS avoids QTL mapping altogether • In GWS, the joint effects of all markers are fitted as random effects in a linear model • Trait values are predicted from a weighed index calculated for each ...
POPULATIONS
... For evolution to occur in real populations, some of the gene frequencies must change with time. The gene frequency of an allele is the number of times an allele for a particular trait occurs compared to the total number of alleles for that trait. Gene frequency = the number of a specific type of all ...
... For evolution to occur in real populations, some of the gene frequencies must change with time. The gene frequency of an allele is the number of times an allele for a particular trait occurs compared to the total number of alleles for that trait. Gene frequency = the number of a specific type of all ...
populations - World of Teaching
... For evolution to occur in real populations, some of the gene frequencies must change with time. The gene frequency of an allele is the number of times an allele for a particular trait occurs compared to the total number of alleles for that trait. Gene frequency = the number of a specific type of all ...
... For evolution to occur in real populations, some of the gene frequencies must change with time. The gene frequency of an allele is the number of times an allele for a particular trait occurs compared to the total number of alleles for that trait. Gene frequency = the number of a specific type of all ...
LPM 221: Commercial Poultry Production And Hatchery
... 1) In poultry, Males are heterogametic and females are homogametic. 2) The chromosome number in chicken is 79. 3) Rose comb is dominant to single comb. 4) Cornish is a American breed. 5) Vencob is an example of egg laying strain. 6) Aracouna breed lays blue coloured eggs. 7) Silver and gold plumage ...
... 1) In poultry, Males are heterogametic and females are homogametic. 2) The chromosome number in chicken is 79. 3) Rose comb is dominant to single comb. 4) Cornish is a American breed. 5) Vencob is an example of egg laying strain. 6) Aracouna breed lays blue coloured eggs. 7) Silver and gold plumage ...
Final Exam Study Guide 2015
... ◦ Compare and contrast with DNA ◦ Know all important structural info ◦ Understand transcription and where it occurs in the cell Protein Synthesis ◦ Understand translation and its location in the cell and the types of bonds formed between amino acids ...
... ◦ Compare and contrast with DNA ◦ Know all important structural info ◦ Understand transcription and where it occurs in the cell Protein Synthesis ◦ Understand translation and its location in the cell and the types of bonds formed between amino acids ...
Altruism, spite and greenbeards - Department of Zoology, University
... (the parasocial route) because that would lead to r < 0.5 (8) and the suggestion that high relatedness is a consequence rather than a cause of eusociality (15), in which case the observed correlation with monogamy would not be predicted (9). Finally, the monogamy hypothesis suggests that factors tha ...
... (the parasocial route) because that would lead to r < 0.5 (8) and the suggestion that high relatedness is a consequence rather than a cause of eusociality (15), in which case the observed correlation with monogamy would not be predicted (9). Finally, the monogamy hypothesis suggests that factors tha ...
COMMENTARY Clarifying the Foundations of Evolutionary Psychology: Bruce J. Ellis
... hypotheses and predictions. These middle-level evolutionary theories (e.g., parental investment theory, life history theory, good genes sexual selection theory, reciprocal altruism theory) are consistent with and guided by but are not directly derived from a set of more basic metatheoretical assumpt ...
... hypotheses and predictions. These middle-level evolutionary theories (e.g., parental investment theory, life history theory, good genes sexual selection theory, reciprocal altruism theory) are consistent with and guided by but are not directly derived from a set of more basic metatheoretical assumpt ...
q - Ms. Poole`s Biology
... – Chance in the context of mutations causing new genetic variations – Sorting in the context of natural selection favoring some alleles over others •This favoring process causes the outcome of natural selection to be anything but random! •Natural Selection consistently increases the frequencies of a ...
... – Chance in the context of mutations causing new genetic variations – Sorting in the context of natural selection favoring some alleles over others •This favoring process causes the outcome of natural selection to be anything but random! •Natural Selection consistently increases the frequencies of a ...
- Philsci
... Millstein say that random genetic drift occurs. When they are not equally fit, then selection becomes the operating causal factor. In both cases, the actual outcome can vary from the expected outcome; however, ‘random genetic drift’ refers only to cases of sampling error when the organisms or traits ...
... Millstein say that random genetic drift occurs. When they are not equally fit, then selection becomes the operating causal factor. In both cases, the actual outcome can vary from the expected outcome; however, ‘random genetic drift’ refers only to cases of sampling error when the organisms or traits ...
population genetics unrevised
... color) and what we cannot see (e.g., blood type). Not all variation is heritable. Environment also can alter an individual’s phenotype [e.g., the hydrangea we saw before, and… …Map butterflies (color changes are due to seasonal difference in hormones)]. ...
... color) and what we cannot see (e.g., blood type). Not all variation is heritable. Environment also can alter an individual’s phenotype [e.g., the hydrangea we saw before, and… …Map butterflies (color changes are due to seasonal difference in hormones)]. ...
Vegetables: DNA-based Marker Assisted Selection
... Only a small amount of plant tissue is needed. Breeders can make selection determinations at the seedling stage, for example, and save only those plants of interest for a whole plant observation. Larger plant populations may be assessed than with conventional techniques; or space, time, and resource ...
... Only a small amount of plant tissue is needed. Breeders can make selection determinations at the seedling stage, for example, and save only those plants of interest for a whole plant observation. Larger plant populations may be assessed than with conventional techniques; or space, time, and resource ...
Non-Random Mating and Gene Flow
... population, some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics (1 point, variation). The bacteria that survive the antibiotics become more resistant. Over time, the population of bacteria become completely immune to antibiotics. (1 point, population change) ...
... population, some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics (1 point, variation). The bacteria that survive the antibiotics become more resistant. Over time, the population of bacteria become completely immune to antibiotics. (1 point, population change) ...
population
... Adaptive Evolution • Striking adaptations have arisen by natural selection – For example, cuttlefish can change color rapidly for camouflage – For example, the jaws of snakes allow them to swallow prey larger than their heads ...
... Adaptive Evolution • Striking adaptations have arisen by natural selection – For example, cuttlefish can change color rapidly for camouflage – For example, the jaws of snakes allow them to swallow prey larger than their heads ...
Group selection
Group selection is a proposed mechanism of evolution in which natural selection is imagined to act at the level of the group, instead of at the more conventional level of the individual.Early authors such as V. C. Wynne-Edwards and Konrad Lorenz argued that the behavior of animals could affect their survival and reproduction as groups.From the mid 1960s, evolutionary biologists such as John Maynard Smith argued that natural selection acted primarily at the level of the individual. They argued on the basis of mathematical models that individuals would not altruistically sacrifice fitness for the sake of a group. They persuaded the majority of biologists that group selection did not occur, other than in special situations such as the haplodiploid social insects like honeybees (in the Hymenoptera), where kin selection was possible.In 1994 David Sloan Wilson and Elliott Sober argued for multi-level selection, including group selection, on the grounds that groups, like individuals, could compete. In 2010 three authors including E. O. Wilson, known for his work on ants, again revisited the arguments for group selection, provoking a strong rebuttal from a large group of evolutionary biologists. As of yet, there is no clear consensus among biologists regarding the importance of group selection.