Functional Groups
... If necessary, identify the carbon to which the carboxyl group is attached. ...
... If necessary, identify the carbon to which the carboxyl group is attached. ...
this PDF file
... prepared in production by reduction of iron oxide powders in H2 atmosphere. Taking the reduction of iron oxide powders in H2 atmosphere as an example, the purpose of the study is to develop the calculation and plotting model of the standard Gibbs free energy changes for chemical reactions, and to ac ...
... prepared in production by reduction of iron oxide powders in H2 atmosphere. Taking the reduction of iron oxide powders in H2 atmosphere as an example, the purpose of the study is to develop the calculation and plotting model of the standard Gibbs free energy changes for chemical reactions, and to ac ...
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... The higher melting and boiling points of alcohols compared to corresponding aliphatics (anes, enes, ynes) is due to the strong hydrogen bonds and the slightly greater London dispersion forces due to the higher number of electrons per molecule. For example, ethane boils at -88.5°C whereas ethanol boi ...
... The higher melting and boiling points of alcohols compared to corresponding aliphatics (anes, enes, ynes) is due to the strong hydrogen bonds and the slightly greater London dispersion forces due to the higher number of electrons per molecule. For example, ethane boils at -88.5°C whereas ethanol boi ...
Contents - Personal WWW Pages
... catalytic reactions. By contrast, the active sites of heterogeneous catalysts are on the surface of the catalyst, with the bulk of the material being inactive. Consequently, the active sites are at a low concentration. Furthermore, the characterisation of chemical species on a surface, except in ver ...
... catalytic reactions. By contrast, the active sites of heterogeneous catalysts are on the surface of the catalyst, with the bulk of the material being inactive. Consequently, the active sites are at a low concentration. Furthermore, the characterisation of chemical species on a surface, except in ver ...
FINAL EXAM Spring 2012
... 1) The reaction has the rate law, Rate = k[A][B]2. Which will cause the rate to increase the most? A) doubling [A] B) doubling [B] C) tripling [B] D) quadrupling [A] E) doubling both [A] and [B] 2) At a given temperature, a first-order reaction has a rate constant of 2.5 x 10-3 s-1. The time require ...
... 1) The reaction has the rate law, Rate = k[A][B]2. Which will cause the rate to increase the most? A) doubling [A] B) doubling [B] C) tripling [B] D) quadrupling [A] E) doubling both [A] and [B] 2) At a given temperature, a first-order reaction has a rate constant of 2.5 x 10-3 s-1. The time require ...
Full-Text PDF
... properties did not influence, in general, the outcome of the reaction. Electron withdrawing group-containing aldehydes 1f and 1g yielded the target acids in 99 and 79% yields, while electron donating group-containing ones (compounds 1b–d) gave the oxidized products in yields ranging from 75% to 85%. ...
... properties did not influence, in general, the outcome of the reaction. Electron withdrawing group-containing aldehydes 1f and 1g yielded the target acids in 99 and 79% yields, while electron donating group-containing ones (compounds 1b–d) gave the oxidized products in yields ranging from 75% to 85%. ...
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... alkanes- single C-C bonds, if all C’s have H’s attached, molecules are called __________ hydrocarbons alkenes- have one or more C=C ______ bonds alkynes- have one or more CΞC ______ bonds alkenes & alkynes are called unsaturated hydrocarbons because they have _______ than the maximum possible nu ...
... alkanes- single C-C bonds, if all C’s have H’s attached, molecules are called __________ hydrocarbons alkenes- have one or more C=C ______ bonds alkynes- have one or more CΞC ______ bonds alkenes & alkynes are called unsaturated hydrocarbons because they have _______ than the maximum possible nu ...
ppt
... Synthesis of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid (lactic acid) LACTIC ACID can be formed from ethanal in a two stage process. 1. Nucleophilic addition of hydrogen cyanide to ethanal 2 Hydrolysis of the nitrile group ...
... Synthesis of 2-hydroxypropanoic acid (lactic acid) LACTIC ACID can be formed from ethanal in a two stage process. 1. Nucleophilic addition of hydrogen cyanide to ethanal 2 Hydrolysis of the nitrile group ...
Chemistry B11 Chapter 4 Chemical reactions
... Avogadro’s number (6.022× ×1023): number of formula units in a mole. 1 mole of hydrogen atoms = 6.022×1023 atoms of hydrogen 1 mole of water molecules = 6.022×1023 molecules of water 1 mole of Na+ ions = 6.022×1023 ions of Na+ Molar mass: is the mass of one mole of the substance expressed in grams. ...
... Avogadro’s number (6.022× ×1023): number of formula units in a mole. 1 mole of hydrogen atoms = 6.022×1023 atoms of hydrogen 1 mole of water molecules = 6.022×1023 molecules of water 1 mole of Na+ ions = 6.022×1023 ions of Na+ Molar mass: is the mass of one mole of the substance expressed in grams. ...
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[1] Ans1.Dows-proc - Sacred Heart School Moga,Best ICSE School
... pair of electrons. Since N is less electronegative than oxygen, therefore lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom is more easily available for bond formation. In other hand, nucleophillic attack occurs through N and hence silver nitrite predominantly gives nitro compounds. Q9. Explain, why the t ...
... pair of electrons. Since N is less electronegative than oxygen, therefore lone pair of electrons on the nitrogen atom is more easily available for bond formation. In other hand, nucleophillic attack occurs through N and hence silver nitrite predominantly gives nitro compounds. Q9. Explain, why the t ...
... and they usually require high temperatures and/or long react ion times, and side reactions, such as isomerization, epimerization and rearrangements may be induced by the alkaline conditions. Furthermore, high temperatures are not only detrimental to certain functional groups, but also to the control ...
Dehydration of Cyclohexanol
... Secondary alcohols can easily be converted to alkenes by acid-catalyzed dehydration, an E1 reaction. In this experiment, a mixture of concentrated phosphoric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid is used to prepare cyclohexene from cyclohexanol via an E1 reaction. The mechanism of this E1 reaction inv ...
... Secondary alcohols can easily be converted to alkenes by acid-catalyzed dehydration, an E1 reaction. In this experiment, a mixture of concentrated phosphoric acid and concentrated sulfuric acid is used to prepare cyclohexene from cyclohexanol via an E1 reaction. The mechanism of this E1 reaction inv ...
AddCorrections(KKH) - Spiral
... towards environmentally benign industrial processes make this an unattractive method for the addition of O–H to C=C bonds. The third route involves hydroboration of the C=C bond followed by oxidative cleavage of the trialkylborane intermediate, to provide the alcohol under mild reaction conditions ( ...
... towards environmentally benign industrial processes make this an unattractive method for the addition of O–H to C=C bonds. The third route involves hydroboration of the C=C bond followed by oxidative cleavage of the trialkylborane intermediate, to provide the alcohol under mild reaction conditions ( ...
File
... Nitrogen dioxide + water(l) nitric acid + nitrogen monoxide Nitrogen dioxide(g) + water(l) nitric acid(aq) + nitrogen monoxide(g) NO2(g) + H2O(l) HNO3(aq) + NO(g) 3 NO2(g) + H2O(l) 2 HNO3(aq) + NO(g) ...
... Nitrogen dioxide + water(l) nitric acid + nitrogen monoxide Nitrogen dioxide(g) + water(l) nitric acid(aq) + nitrogen monoxide(g) NO2(g) + H2O(l) HNO3(aq) + NO(g) 3 NO2(g) + H2O(l) 2 HNO3(aq) + NO(g) ...
A Guide to Rate of Reactions
... Equilibrium. This is because the underlying theory of each of these is very different. Rate of reaction is also called Chemical Kinetics and deals with how fast a reaction happens. Chemical equilibrium is based on thermodynamics and answers the question: ‘How far does the reaction go?’ Learners are ...
... Equilibrium. This is because the underlying theory of each of these is very different. Rate of reaction is also called Chemical Kinetics and deals with how fast a reaction happens. Chemical equilibrium is based on thermodynamics and answers the question: ‘How far does the reaction go?’ Learners are ...
Isomers and Isomerism Isomers
... negative enantiomer. When optically active substances are made in the labe, they often occur as a 50/50 mixture of the two enantiomers . This is known as a racemic mixture or racemate . It has no effect on plane polarized light. ...
... negative enantiomer. When optically active substances are made in the labe, they often occur as a 50/50 mixture of the two enantiomers . This is known as a racemic mixture or racemate . It has no effect on plane polarized light. ...
ppt
... • Assign a priority from 1 (highest) to 4 (lowest) to each group on the stereocenter. • Orient the stereocenter so that the group of lowest priority is projecting away from you. • Read the priorities of the three groups projecting toward you in order from (1) to (3). • If reading these three groups ...
... • Assign a priority from 1 (highest) to 4 (lowest) to each group on the stereocenter. • Orient the stereocenter so that the group of lowest priority is projecting away from you. • Read the priorities of the three groups projecting toward you in order from (1) to (3). • If reading these three groups ...
102 Lecture Ch14b
... • Oxidation can also be defined as a loss of bonds to hydrogen • This is because H is less electronegative than all other nonmetals (besides P which is the same), so adds electron density to any element with which it forms a covalent bond • Thiols can be oxidized to disulfides using I2 (or Br2) • In ...
... • Oxidation can also be defined as a loss of bonds to hydrogen • This is because H is less electronegative than all other nonmetals (besides P which is the same), so adds electron density to any element with which it forms a covalent bond • Thiols can be oxidized to disulfides using I2 (or Br2) • In ...
Mechanisms of Alkenes
... – Attack by pi bond on polarized X-X with Halonium Ion formation – Attack by H2O to pop open threemembered ring. – Removal of extra proton (H+) by X- to complete the formation of –OH. ...
... – Attack by pi bond on polarized X-X with Halonium Ion formation – Attack by H2O to pop open threemembered ring. – Removal of extra proton (H+) by X- to complete the formation of –OH. ...
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... • Alkanes are insoluble in water. That is because water molecules are polar, whereas alkanes are nopolar. (all C-C and C-H bonds are nearly purely covalent.) • Alkanes have lower boiling points for a given molecular weight than most other organic compounds. The electrons in a nonpolar molecule can b ...
... • Alkanes are insoluble in water. That is because water molecules are polar, whereas alkanes are nopolar. (all C-C and C-H bonds are nearly purely covalent.) • Alkanes have lower boiling points for a given molecular weight than most other organic compounds. The electrons in a nonpolar molecule can b ...
Chabot College
... Before entering the course, the student should be able to: 1. name compounds of the common organic functional groups using the IUPAC system of nomenclature; 2. use a mechanistic approach to make reasonable predictions of major products formed in reactions involving hydrocarbons, alkyl halides, alcoh ...
... Before entering the course, the student should be able to: 1. name compounds of the common organic functional groups using the IUPAC system of nomenclature; 2. use a mechanistic approach to make reasonable predictions of major products formed in reactions involving hydrocarbons, alkyl halides, alcoh ...
MS PowerPoint
... Where, , the switching factor, reads 0 below the threshold and 1 above it. Refinement, the electronic parameter: Property = a(d) + b(θ – θth) + c(Ear) + d(p) + e Where d is used for -donicity and p used for -acceptor property; Ear is for “aryl effect”. For reactions having a simple rate equa ...
... Where, , the switching factor, reads 0 below the threshold and 1 above it. Refinement, the electronic parameter: Property = a(d) + b(θ – θth) + c(Ear) + d(p) + e Where d is used for -donicity and p used for -acceptor property; Ear is for “aryl effect”. For reactions having a simple rate equa ...
Common Leaving Groups
... E1 vs. E2 vs. SN1 vs. SN2 - Summary •As a general rule, elimination reactions can always compete with substitution reactions. We can, however, alter the reaction conditions to favour one process over another. •To favour E1 over SN1 for alcohols, use an acid with a non-nucleophilic conjugate base (H ...
... E1 vs. E2 vs. SN1 vs. SN2 - Summary •As a general rule, elimination reactions can always compete with substitution reactions. We can, however, alter the reaction conditions to favour one process over another. •To favour E1 over SN1 for alcohols, use an acid with a non-nucleophilic conjugate base (H ...
Asymmetric induction
Asymmetric induction (also enantioinduction) in stereochemistry describes the preferential formation in a chemical reaction of one enantiomer or diastereoisomer over the other as a result of the influence of a chiral feature present in the substrate, reagent, catalyst or environment. Asymmetric induction is a key element in asymmetric synthesis.Asymmetric induction was introduced by Hermann Emil Fischer based on his work on carbohydrates. Several types of induction exist.Internal asymmetric induction makes use of a chiral center bound to the reactive center through a covalent bond and remains so during the reaction. The starting material is often derived from chiral pool synthesis. In relayed asymmetric induction the chiral information is introduced in a separate step and removed again in a separate chemical reaction. Special synthons are called chiral auxiliaries. In external asymmetric induction chiral information is introduced in the transition state through a catalyst of chiral ligand. This method of asymmetric synthesis is economically most desirable.