South Pasadena • AP Chemistry Name
... 6 Energy and Chemical Reactions HESS’S LAW CALCULATIONS The enthalpy of the reactants, Hreactants and the enthalpy of the products, Hproducts depend on the bonding of the reactants and products… nothing else. So, the Hreaction only depends on the initial and final state of the reaction, not how y ...
... 6 Energy and Chemical Reactions HESS’S LAW CALCULATIONS The enthalpy of the reactants, Hreactants and the enthalpy of the products, Hproducts depend on the bonding of the reactants and products… nothing else. So, the Hreaction only depends on the initial and final state of the reaction, not how y ...
Chapter in Zumdahl: Chapter #12 Kinetics (2
... explain the “leveling effect”. given a weak acid or weak base, write the correct Ka or Kb expression. use the Ka or Kb or predict relative strengths of the acid or base. calculate a given the pH, calculate the Ka. Given the pOH, calculate the Kb. be given a solution of a WA or WB, calculat ...
... explain the “leveling effect”. given a weak acid or weak base, write the correct Ka or Kb expression. use the Ka or Kb or predict relative strengths of the acid or base. calculate a given the pH, calculate the Ka. Given the pOH, calculate the Kb. be given a solution of a WA or WB, calculat ...
Chapter 17: Alcohols and Phenols
... 2. Number the carbon chain so that the hydroxyl group gets the lowest number 3. Number the substituents and write the name listing the substituents in alphabetical order. 4. For phenols, follow benzene nomenclature and use phenol as the parent name. The carbon bearing the -OH group gets number 1. ...
... 2. Number the carbon chain so that the hydroxyl group gets the lowest number 3. Number the substituents and write the name listing the substituents in alphabetical order. 4. For phenols, follow benzene nomenclature and use phenol as the parent name. The carbon bearing the -OH group gets number 1. ...
Lecture 16 Aromatic Diazonium Salts
... Addition of aqueous solution of NaNO2 to a solution of amine hydrochloride in presence of excess of HCl which is cooled by an ice-bath such that the temperature of the reaction remains below 5 ◦C diazotization of primary aromatic amine occurs. ...
... Addition of aqueous solution of NaNO2 to a solution of amine hydrochloride in presence of excess of HCl which is cooled by an ice-bath such that the temperature of the reaction remains below 5 ◦C diazotization of primary aromatic amine occurs. ...
PREPARATORY PROBLEMS
... The superposition principle is applicable to quantum systems only and is not valid when applied to macrosystems. To illustrate this idea, E. Schrödinger proposed the following mental experiment. Consider the Geiger counter which detects the entering electrons. The counter is connected to a device wh ...
... The superposition principle is applicable to quantum systems only and is not valid when applied to macrosystems. To illustrate this idea, E. Schrödinger proposed the following mental experiment. Consider the Geiger counter which detects the entering electrons. The counter is connected to a device wh ...
PREPARATORY PROBLEMS (Theoretical)
... The superposition principle is applicable to quantum systems only and is not valid when applied to macrosystems. To illustrate this idea, E. Schrödinger proposed the following mental experiment. Consider the Geiger counter which detects the entering electrons. The counter is connected to a device wh ...
... The superposition principle is applicable to quantum systems only and is not valid when applied to macrosystems. To illustrate this idea, E. Schrödinger proposed the following mental experiment. Consider the Geiger counter which detects the entering electrons. The counter is connected to a device wh ...
PREPARATORY PROBLEMS (Theoretical)
... The superposition principle is applicable to quantum systems only and is not valid when applied to macrosystems. To illustrate this idea, E. Schrödinger proposed the following mental experiment. Consider the Geiger counter which detects the entering electrons. The counter is connected to a device wh ...
... The superposition principle is applicable to quantum systems only and is not valid when applied to macrosystems. To illustrate this idea, E. Schrödinger proposed the following mental experiment. Consider the Geiger counter which detects the entering electrons. The counter is connected to a device wh ...
Functional Groups
... • “Arrangements of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions.” • Functional groups contain at least one atom that is not C or H, usually O or N or a halogen. • R is used to represent a carbon/hydrogen chain. R’ is used to represent a chain that may be differen ...
... • “Arrangements of atoms in an organic compound that is capable of characteristic chemical reactions.” • Functional groups contain at least one atom that is not C or H, usually O or N or a halogen. • R is used to represent a carbon/hydrogen chain. R’ is used to represent a chain that may be differen ...
Addition of H 2 O to an Alkene
... – 3°carbocation is more stable than a 2° carbocation, and requires a lower activation energy for its formation. – 2°carbocation is, in turn, more stable than a 1° carbocation, and requires a lower activation energy for its formation. – Methyl and 1°carbocations are so unstable that they are never ob ...
... – 3°carbocation is more stable than a 2° carbocation, and requires a lower activation energy for its formation. – 2°carbocation is, in turn, more stable than a 1° carbocation, and requires a lower activation energy for its formation. – Methyl and 1°carbocations are so unstable that they are never ob ...
Chapter 20: Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles
... electron-donating (activating) group (OCH3) decreases acidity by destabilizing the carboxylate anion We can use relative pKa’s as a calibration for effects on relative free energies of reactions with the same substituents ...
... electron-donating (activating) group (OCH3) decreases acidity by destabilizing the carboxylate anion We can use relative pKa’s as a calibration for effects on relative free energies of reactions with the same substituents ...
Chapter 7 Review
... For the reaction CO(g) + 2 H2(g) <---> CH3OH(g) + heat; [CO(g)] = 0.025 mol/L, [H2(g) ] = 0.050 mol/L and [CH3OH(g)] = 0.0063 mol/L a) b) ...
... For the reaction CO(g) + 2 H2(g) <---> CH3OH(g) + heat; [CO(g)] = 0.025 mol/L, [H2(g) ] = 0.050 mol/L and [CH3OH(g)] = 0.0063 mol/L a) b) ...
Chapter 9 Stoichiometry
... Percent yield tells us how “efficient” a reaction is. Percent yield can not be bigger than 100 %. ...
... Percent yield tells us how “efficient” a reaction is. Percent yield can not be bigger than 100 %. ...
Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids
... Aldol condensation is also possible with ketones. Can you now think of a little more complex situation? What will be the products of aldol condensation when two diffrent aldehydes having hydrogen atoms are used as reactants. In this case, the reaction is called a crossed-aldol condensation. This ...
... Aldol condensation is also possible with ketones. Can you now think of a little more complex situation? What will be the products of aldol condensation when two diffrent aldehydes having hydrogen atoms are used as reactants. In this case, the reaction is called a crossed-aldol condensation. This ...
Synthesis of [RuCl2(NO)2(THF)] and its Double CN BondForming
... investigation, methods for controlling the reactivity of nitric oxide at transition-metal centers have received considerably less attention.[1–3] For example, the migratory insertion of NO into metal–alkyl or metal–aryl bonds has been observed in only a handful of metal complexes,[3] despite the ana ...
... investigation, methods for controlling the reactivity of nitric oxide at transition-metal centers have received considerably less attention.[1–3] For example, the migratory insertion of NO into metal–alkyl or metal–aryl bonds has been observed in only a handful of metal complexes,[3] despite the ana ...
Types of Chemical Reactions
... All dozen packages contain 12 objects. • The stationary store uses a package called a ream, which contains 500 sheets of paper. • So what is the chemistry package? Well, it is called the mole (Latin for heap). Each of the above packages contain a number of objects that are convenient to work with, f ...
... All dozen packages contain 12 objects. • The stationary store uses a package called a ream, which contains 500 sheets of paper. • So what is the chemistry package? Well, it is called the mole (Latin for heap). Each of the above packages contain a number of objects that are convenient to work with, f ...
Topic 8 notes - A
... If haloalkanes are boiled with an ethanolic solution of KOH instead of with an aqueous solution, they will undergo elimination of an HX molecule to give an alkene: R1R2CHR3R4CBr + OH- R1R2C=CR3R4 + Br- + H2O NaOH is not used since it is only sparingly soluble in ethanol. This reaction works best i ...
... If haloalkanes are boiled with an ethanolic solution of KOH instead of with an aqueous solution, they will undergo elimination of an HX molecule to give an alkene: R1R2CHR3R4CBr + OH- R1R2C=CR3R4 + Br- + H2O NaOH is not used since it is only sparingly soluble in ethanol. This reaction works best i ...
AP Chemistry Chapter 16
... 16.8 Free Energy and Equilibrium -equilibrium point occurs at the lowest value of free energy available to the reaction system -when the system has reached equilibrium, the system has reached minimum free energy or the free energy of the reactants is equal to the free energy of the products ( G = ...
... 16.8 Free Energy and Equilibrium -equilibrium point occurs at the lowest value of free energy available to the reaction system -when the system has reached equilibrium, the system has reached minimum free energy or the free energy of the reactants is equal to the free energy of the products ( G = ...
1. Write the balanced equation for the combustion of butane (C4H10
... 7. Molten iron and carbon monoxide are produced in a blast furnace by the reaction of iron(III) oxide and coke (pure carbon). If 25.0 kilograms of pure Fe2O3 is used, how many kilograms of iron can be produced? The reaction is: Fe2O3 + 3 C ---> 2 Fe + 3 CO 8. The average human requires 120.0 grams o ...
... 7. Molten iron and carbon monoxide are produced in a blast furnace by the reaction of iron(III) oxide and coke (pure carbon). If 25.0 kilograms of pure Fe2O3 is used, how many kilograms of iron can be produced? The reaction is: Fe2O3 + 3 C ---> 2 Fe + 3 CO 8. The average human requires 120.0 grams o ...
CHAPTER 13 Approaches to the Asymmetric Synthesis of Unusual
... Seebach’s group is also one of the leaders in this area (23,24). Recently, they reported a stereoselective synthesis of MeBmt by employ- ...
... Seebach’s group is also one of the leaders in this area (23,24). Recently, they reported a stereoselective synthesis of MeBmt by employ- ...
Chem. 31 – 9/15 Lecture
... – Can set DAD to take spectra at peaks (when editing method) – After collecting data, can then look at spectra once you select that option ...
... – Can set DAD to take spectra at peaks (when editing method) – After collecting data, can then look at spectra once you select that option ...
Asymmetric induction
Asymmetric induction (also enantioinduction) in stereochemistry describes the preferential formation in a chemical reaction of one enantiomer or diastereoisomer over the other as a result of the influence of a chiral feature present in the substrate, reagent, catalyst or environment. Asymmetric induction is a key element in asymmetric synthesis.Asymmetric induction was introduced by Hermann Emil Fischer based on his work on carbohydrates. Several types of induction exist.Internal asymmetric induction makes use of a chiral center bound to the reactive center through a covalent bond and remains so during the reaction. The starting material is often derived from chiral pool synthesis. In relayed asymmetric induction the chiral information is introduced in a separate step and removed again in a separate chemical reaction. Special synthons are called chiral auxiliaries. In external asymmetric induction chiral information is introduced in the transition state through a catalyst of chiral ligand. This method of asymmetric synthesis is economically most desirable.