Chapter 10 The Chemistry of Alcohols and Thiols
... because the leaving group is a very weak base. However, it is possible that some SN1 mechanism could occur; this is hard to predict. To the extent that the SN1 reaction occurs, some racemization might also take place. ...
... because the leaving group is a very weak base. However, it is possible that some SN1 mechanism could occur; this is hard to predict. To the extent that the SN1 reaction occurs, some racemization might also take place. ...
Chapter 23 Functional Groups
... Derivatives of the carboxylic acids, in which the -OH from the carboxyl group is replaced by an -OR from an alcohol: carboxylic acid + alcohol ester + water many ...
... Derivatives of the carboxylic acids, in which the -OH from the carboxyl group is replaced by an -OR from an alcohol: carboxylic acid + alcohol ester + water many ...
Topic 8 specification content - A
... I can explain that chlorine atoms are formed in the upper atmosphere when ultraviolet radiation causes C–Cl bonds in chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) to break, and that these chlorine atoms catalyse the decomposition of ozone and contribute to the hole in the ...
... I can explain that chlorine atoms are formed in the upper atmosphere when ultraviolet radiation causes C–Cl bonds in chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) to break, and that these chlorine atoms catalyse the decomposition of ozone and contribute to the hole in the ...
Document
... Addition reactions, substitution reactions, and elimination reactions are the three main types of organic reactions. Most organic reactions can be classified as one of these three types. Addition Reactions In an addition reaction, atoms are added to a double or triple bond. One bond of the multiple ...
... Addition reactions, substitution reactions, and elimination reactions are the three main types of organic reactions. Most organic reactions can be classified as one of these three types. Addition Reactions In an addition reaction, atoms are added to a double or triple bond. One bond of the multiple ...
Faculteit der Natuurwetenschappen, Wiskunde en Informatica
... (9) Synthesis of 2-iodo-3-mehtyl-cyclo-hex-2-enone.10 Iodine (68,6 g, 272 mmol) dissolved in 180 mL of CCl4/pyridine (1:1) was added drop wise to a stirred solution of 3-methylcyclo-2-hexenone (10 g, 90,7 mmol) in CCl4 (90 mL) at 0°C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature a ...
... (9) Synthesis of 2-iodo-3-mehtyl-cyclo-hex-2-enone.10 Iodine (68,6 g, 272 mmol) dissolved in 180 mL of CCl4/pyridine (1:1) was added drop wise to a stirred solution of 3-methylcyclo-2-hexenone (10 g, 90,7 mmol) in CCl4 (90 mL) at 0°C. The reaction mixture was allowed to warm up to room temperature a ...
CHEM 203 Topics Discussed on Nov. 20 Principle: protonation of
... Electrophilic character of the above reagents and facile reaction thereof with nucleophiles Principle: the above reagents rely on the nucleophilic properties of the OH group to achieve conversion of alcohols into alkyl halides Principle: only primary and secondary alcohols are sufficiently nucleophi ...
... Electrophilic character of the above reagents and facile reaction thereof with nucleophiles Principle: the above reagents rely on the nucleophilic properties of the OH group to achieve conversion of alcohols into alkyl halides Principle: only primary and secondary alcohols are sufficiently nucleophi ...
Concerted Acid-Base Catalysis
... rate enhancement (ie. G‡) can be expressed in terms of enzyme affinity for transition state compared relative to substrate explains why good and bad substrates typically have similar K m value but different kcat values A good substrate does not need to bind tightly to the enzyme but must bind tigh ...
... rate enhancement (ie. G‡) can be expressed in terms of enzyme affinity for transition state compared relative to substrate explains why good and bad substrates typically have similar K m value but different kcat values A good substrate does not need to bind tightly to the enzyme but must bind tigh ...
molecules Palladium and Organocatalysis: An Excellent Recipe for Asymmetric Synthesis
... ligand is essential to achieve good enantioselectivities, which fall in the range 91%–96% ee. Indeed, the authors claim that more σ-donating ligands, such as phosphines, form a more reactive allyl-palladium complex which favors the reaction with the enolate in the absence of the chiral ion pair, and ...
... ligand is essential to achieve good enantioselectivities, which fall in the range 91%–96% ee. Indeed, the authors claim that more σ-donating ligands, such as phosphines, form a more reactive allyl-palladium complex which favors the reaction with the enolate in the absence of the chiral ion pair, and ...
Additional file 1
... 1.94 (s, 1H), 3.36 (d, 4H), 5.55 (q, 1H), 7.27 (d, 1H), 7.28 (d, 1H), 7.45 (t, 1H), 7.56 (d, 1H), 7.81 (d, 1H). 1-Acenaphthen-5-yl-ethanone (3): Pyridinium dichromate (3.0 g, 9.0 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of alcohol 2 (1.8 g, 9.0 mmol) and powdered 4Å molecular sieve (0.75 g) in anhydro ...
... 1.94 (s, 1H), 3.36 (d, 4H), 5.55 (q, 1H), 7.27 (d, 1H), 7.28 (d, 1H), 7.45 (t, 1H), 7.56 (d, 1H), 7.81 (d, 1H). 1-Acenaphthen-5-yl-ethanone (3): Pyridinium dichromate (3.0 g, 9.0 mmol) was added to a stirred solution of alcohol 2 (1.8 g, 9.0 mmol) and powdered 4Å molecular sieve (0.75 g) in anhydro ...
Slide 1 - Catalysis Eprints database
... 1. HCo(CO)3(P n-Bu3) is less active for hydroformylation than HCo(CO)4, but more active for subsequent hydrogenation of the aldehyde. 2. Both hydroformylation and hydrogenation of the aldehyde are catalyzed by the same catalyst. 3. Phosphorus ligand substituted derivatives are more stable than their ...
... 1. HCo(CO)3(P n-Bu3) is less active for hydroformylation than HCo(CO)4, but more active for subsequent hydrogenation of the aldehyde. 2. Both hydroformylation and hydrogenation of the aldehyde are catalyzed by the same catalyst. 3. Phosphorus ligand substituted derivatives are more stable than their ...
Chemdraw B&W - Pennsylvania State University
... • SN2 reaction:, the leaving group X can be chloride, bromide, iodide, or tosylate • R should be primary or methyl and preferably should be allylic or benzylic • Secondary halides react poorly, and tertiary halides don't react at all because of competing elimination ...
... • SN2 reaction:, the leaving group X can be chloride, bromide, iodide, or tosylate • R should be primary or methyl and preferably should be allylic or benzylic • Secondary halides react poorly, and tertiary halides don't react at all because of competing elimination ...
CO Oxidation on Palladium. 2. A Combined
... apparent activation energy. The effect of oxygen partial pressure on the C02 formation rate was studied at a reaction temperature of 500 K in the oxygen pressure range of 0.5-5.0Torr at a constant CO pressure of 1.0 Torr. The total pressure change during the CO + 0 2 reaction on Pd( 11 1) as a funct ...
... apparent activation energy. The effect of oxygen partial pressure on the C02 formation rate was studied at a reaction temperature of 500 K in the oxygen pressure range of 0.5-5.0Torr at a constant CO pressure of 1.0 Torr. The total pressure change during the CO + 0 2 reaction on Pd( 11 1) as a funct ...
Alkyl and Aryl Halides
... In this scenario, the mechanism is comprised of one step. In such a bimolecular reaction, the rate depends upon the concentration of both reactants, that is, the rate equation is second order. ...
... In this scenario, the mechanism is comprised of one step. In such a bimolecular reaction, the rate depends upon the concentration of both reactants, that is, the rate equation is second order. ...
- Iranian Journal of Science and Technology (Sciences)
... successful results of the esterification between various carboxylic acids with different substituents on the phenolic component using IL-6. The reaction of benzoic acid with electron-rich phenol (Table 3, Entries 2-4) was successful and gave the desired esters in good to excellent yields. On the oth ...
... successful results of the esterification between various carboxylic acids with different substituents on the phenolic component using IL-6. The reaction of benzoic acid with electron-rich phenol (Table 3, Entries 2-4) was successful and gave the desired esters in good to excellent yields. On the oth ...
Synthesis of Methyl Benzoate by Fisher Esterification
... For primary alcohols reacting with unhindered carboxylic acids, Keq ~4. If equal quantities of 1butanol and acetic acid are allowed to react, the theoretical yield of ester is only 67% at equilibrium. To upset the equilibrium we can, by Le Chatelier's principle, increase the concentration of either ...
... For primary alcohols reacting with unhindered carboxylic acids, Keq ~4. If equal quantities of 1butanol and acetic acid are allowed to react, the theoretical yield of ester is only 67% at equilibrium. To upset the equilibrium we can, by Le Chatelier's principle, increase the concentration of either ...
Oxidation Reactions
... Benzoic acid crystals in polarized light are pictured above. Benzoic acid is widely used as a food preservative, either as the carboxylic acid or as the sodium benzoate salt. This compound is most effective when added to acidic foods such as fruit juices and soft drinks. The major industrial source ...
... Benzoic acid crystals in polarized light are pictured above. Benzoic acid is widely used as a food preservative, either as the carboxylic acid or as the sodium benzoate salt. This compound is most effective when added to acidic foods such as fruit juices and soft drinks. The major industrial source ...
ALDOL CONDENSATION
... Deprotonation of 1 by base leads to carbanion 2 stabilized by its electron‐withdrawing groups. Structures 2a to 2c are three resonance structures that can be drawn for this species, two of which have enolate ions. This nucleophile reacts with the electrophilic alkene 3 to form 4 in a conjugate a ...
... Deprotonation of 1 by base leads to carbanion 2 stabilized by its electron‐withdrawing groups. Structures 2a to 2c are three resonance structures that can be drawn for this species, two of which have enolate ions. This nucleophile reacts with the electrophilic alkene 3 to form 4 in a conjugate a ...
Efficient and catalyst-free condensation of acid chlorides and
... An efficient and catalyst-free procedure for the condensation of acyl chlorides and alcohols using continuous flow was developed. Different esters could be obtained with excellent conversions starting from the corresponding acyl chlorides and alcohols in very short reaction times (5-6.7 min). The re ...
... An efficient and catalyst-free procedure for the condensation of acyl chlorides and alcohols using continuous flow was developed. Different esters could be obtained with excellent conversions starting from the corresponding acyl chlorides and alcohols in very short reaction times (5-6.7 min). The re ...
File - Dr KHALID SHADID
... Nucleophilic addition to the carbon-oxygen double bond occurs, therefore, in either of two general ways. 1. When [ reagent is a strong nucleophile (Nu), addition usually takes place by converting the trigonal planar aldehyde or ketone into a tetrahedral product. ...
... Nucleophilic addition to the carbon-oxygen double bond occurs, therefore, in either of two general ways. 1. When [ reagent is a strong nucleophile (Nu), addition usually takes place by converting the trigonal planar aldehyde or ketone into a tetrahedral product. ...
Novel Brønsted-acidic ionic liquids based on benzothiazolium
... Aromatic esters are important intermediates in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries and are usually prepared in acid-catalyzed esterification reactions of alcohols with benzoic acids.1 Inorganic acid catalysts such as H2SO4 and H3PO4, resins, supported mineral acids, heteropolyacids and zeolit ...
... Aromatic esters are important intermediates in the chemical and pharmaceutical industries and are usually prepared in acid-catalyzed esterification reactions of alcohols with benzoic acids.1 Inorganic acid catalysts such as H2SO4 and H3PO4, resins, supported mineral acids, heteropolyacids and zeolit ...
Silica Sulfuric Acid Promotes Aza-Michael Addition Reactions under
... This encouraged us to exploit the generality and scope of this reaction catalyzed by SiO2-SO3H by using other Michael acceptors with various aromatic and aliphatic amines. As shown in Table 1, the Michael addition of various aliphatic amines and aryl amines carrying either electron-donating or elect ...
... This encouraged us to exploit the generality and scope of this reaction catalyzed by SiO2-SO3H by using other Michael acceptors with various aromatic and aliphatic amines. As shown in Table 1, the Michael addition of various aliphatic amines and aryl amines carrying either electron-donating or elect ...
Elimination Reactions
... E1 eliminations, like SN1 substitutions, begin with unimolecular dissociation, but the dissociation is followed by loss of a proton from the b-carbon (attached to the C+) rather than by substitution. E1 & SN1 normally occur in competition, whenever an alkyl halide is treated in a protic solvent ...
... E1 eliminations, like SN1 substitutions, begin with unimolecular dissociation, but the dissociation is followed by loss of a proton from the b-carbon (attached to the C+) rather than by substitution. E1 & SN1 normally occur in competition, whenever an alkyl halide is treated in a protic solvent ...
Synthesis of Benzyl Acetate from Acetic Anhydride
... To a reaction tube add 540 mg of benzyl alcohol and 510 mg of acetic anhydride and a boiling chip. Attach the empty distilling column as an air condenser. Reflux the resulting mixture for 1 h or more, then cool it to room temperature. Add 1 mL of ether (use the wet ether found in a supply bottle in ...
... To a reaction tube add 540 mg of benzyl alcohol and 510 mg of acetic anhydride and a boiling chip. Attach the empty distilling column as an air condenser. Reflux the resulting mixture for 1 h or more, then cool it to room temperature. Add 1 mL of ether (use the wet ether found in a supply bottle in ...
Reactions of Molecules with Oxygen
... Alcohols may also be selectively oxidized, where only the carbon atom attached to the functional hydroxyl group changes. The other carbon atoms in the R group stay the same. These oxidation reactions use a different oxidizing agent rather than O2. The symbol [O] is used for any oxidizing agent. C3H7 ...
... Alcohols may also be selectively oxidized, where only the carbon atom attached to the functional hydroxyl group changes. The other carbon atoms in the R group stay the same. These oxidation reactions use a different oxidizing agent rather than O2. The symbol [O] is used for any oxidizing agent. C3H7 ...
Ene reaction
The ene reaction (also known as the Alder-ene reaction) is a chemical reaction between an alkene with an allylic hydrogen (the ene) and a compound containing a multiple bond (the enophile), in order to form a new σ-bond with migration of the ene double bond and 1,5 hydrogen shift. The product is a substituted alkene with the double bond shifted to the allylic position.This transformation is a group transfer pericyclic reaction, and therefore, usually requires highly activated substrates and/or high temperatures. Nonetheless, the reaction is compatible with a wide variety of functional groups that can be appended to the ene and enophile moieties. Also,many useful Lewis acid-catalyzed ene reactions have been developed which can afford high yields and selectivities at significantly lower temperatures, making the ene reaction a useful C–C forming tool for the synthesis of complex molecules and natural products.