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PREPARATION OF ALDEHYDES
... EXAMPLES OF NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION TO ALDEHYDES & KETONES Addition of HCN (neutral-basic conditions). CN Ө is a very good nucleophile (ionic nucleophile). The use of the actual compound HCN is not experimentally feasible, as it is a lethal gas, bp 26 oC. Addition of the elements of HCN to a C=O grou ...
... EXAMPLES OF NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION TO ALDEHYDES & KETONES Addition of HCN (neutral-basic conditions). CN Ө is a very good nucleophile (ionic nucleophile). The use of the actual compound HCN is not experimentally feasible, as it is a lethal gas, bp 26 oC. Addition of the elements of HCN to a C=O grou ...
Nitric Acid Fact Sheet
... 1. Nitric acid is not just another acid, it is a very powerful oxidising agent and can form explosive substances. 2. All uses of nitric acid even for simple glassware washing must be fully risk assessed and approved by your supervisor. Both the incidents above occurred during cleaning operations. 3. ...
... 1. Nitric acid is not just another acid, it is a very powerful oxidising agent and can form explosive substances. 2. All uses of nitric acid even for simple glassware washing must be fully risk assessed and approved by your supervisor. Both the incidents above occurred during cleaning operations. 3. ...
B. Reaction and Isolation of Products
... 2) isolation of the crude product, and 3) final purification. In some instances, as in the dehydration of an alcohol, it is necessary to combine the first two steps so that the product can be removed from the reaction mixture as it is formed. This serves to drive the equilibrium toward alkene format ...
... 2) isolation of the crude product, and 3) final purification. In some instances, as in the dehydration of an alcohol, it is necessary to combine the first two steps so that the product can be removed from the reaction mixture as it is formed. This serves to drive the equilibrium toward alkene format ...
Chapter Sixteen Aldehydes and Ketones
... C atom form a planar triangle. ► The simplest aldehydes and ketones are known by common names. Aldehydes are named systematically by replacing the final -e in an alkane name with -al. ► Ketones are named systematically by replacing the final -e in an alkane name with -one and numbering starting with ...
... C atom form a planar triangle. ► The simplest aldehydes and ketones are known by common names. Aldehydes are named systematically by replacing the final -e in an alkane name with -al. ► Ketones are named systematically by replacing the final -e in an alkane name with -one and numbering starting with ...
16.5 Cyclic structures
... a five-membered or a six-membered ring. T[us the cyclic form of l-fructose is properly called o-fructofuranose and that of o-glucose is called o-glucopyranose. To understand how these cyclic structures are formed from the straight-chain sugars, recall that alcohols can add to carbonyl groups of alde ...
... a five-membered or a six-membered ring. T[us the cyclic form of l-fructose is properly called o-fructofuranose and that of o-glucose is called o-glucopyranose. To understand how these cyclic structures are formed from the straight-chain sugars, recall that alcohols can add to carbonyl groups of alde ...
formic (methanoic) acid
... of NH3 have been replaced by alkyl or aromatic groups. As a result, like alcohols, amines may be designated as primary secondary, or tertiary according to the position of attachment of the nitrogen. ...
... of NH3 have been replaced by alkyl or aromatic groups. As a result, like alcohols, amines may be designated as primary secondary, or tertiary according to the position of attachment of the nitrogen. ...
Document
... Aldehydes and Ketones O • In an aldehyde, at least one H atom is attached to a carbonyl group. ...
... Aldehydes and Ketones O • In an aldehyde, at least one H atom is attached to a carbonyl group. ...
... to chiral alcohols has attracted much attention, since many chiral alcohols are highly valuable intermediates for preparing chiral pharmaceutical and agricultural products. Despite the organoaluminium reagents are economically obtained in industrial scale, their use is rare. In this respect, the few ...
Document
... water; aqueous solutions of alcohols have the same pH as that of pure water • alcohols and phenols both contain an OH group • phenols are weak acids and react with NaOH and other strong bases to form water-soluble salts OH + NaOH Phenol ...
... water; aqueous solutions of alcohols have the same pH as that of pure water • alcohols and phenols both contain an OH group • phenols are weak acids and react with NaOH and other strong bases to form water-soluble salts OH + NaOH Phenol ...
Carbonyl compounds
... pair of electrons for co-ordinating with the carbonyl carbon. Once a new bond is formed from the nucleophilic agent to the carbonyl carbon, the carbonyl oxygen gains an unshared electron pair. This electron rich oxygen can transfer its electron pair to a proton, thus completing the overall addition ...
... pair of electrons for co-ordinating with the carbonyl carbon. Once a new bond is formed from the nucleophilic agent to the carbonyl carbon, the carbonyl oxygen gains an unshared electron pair. This electron rich oxygen can transfer its electron pair to a proton, thus completing the overall addition ...
benzene - 固体表面物理化学国家重点实验室
... • In the 1820s, a pure liquid hydrocarbon called benzene was first isolated. Chemists found that the molecular formula of this new substance was C6H6, but it took some time for them to figure out a structure which was consistent with the properties of benzene. • Open-chain structures, such as CH2=CH ...
... • In the 1820s, a pure liquid hydrocarbon called benzene was first isolated. Chemists found that the molecular formula of this new substance was C6H6, but it took some time for them to figure out a structure which was consistent with the properties of benzene. • Open-chain structures, such as CH2=CH ...
ALKENES INTRODUCING
... Reactions where the chlorine or bromine are in solution (for example, "bromine water") are slightly more complicated and are treated separately at the end. Simple reactions involving halogens In each case, we will look at ethene as typical of all of the alkenes. There are no complications as far as ...
... Reactions where the chlorine or bromine are in solution (for example, "bromine water") are slightly more complicated and are treated separately at the end. Simple reactions involving halogens In each case, we will look at ethene as typical of all of the alkenes. There are no complications as far as ...
PPTB&W - Gmu - George Mason University
... carbon very stable Atomic Size and Bond strength ● Bond strength decreases as atom size and bond length increase, thus, C-C bond strength is the highest in group 4A Relative Heats of Reaction Energy difference between a C-C Bond (346 kJ/mol) vs C-O Bond (358 kJ/mol) is small Si-Si (226 kJ/mo ...
... carbon very stable Atomic Size and Bond strength ● Bond strength decreases as atom size and bond length increase, thus, C-C bond strength is the highest in group 4A Relative Heats of Reaction Energy difference between a C-C Bond (346 kJ/mol) vs C-O Bond (358 kJ/mol) is small Si-Si (226 kJ/mo ...
Carboxylic Acids Ch#10
... are soluble in water. • Soap is the soluble sodium salt of a long chain fatty acid. • Salts can be formed by the reaction of an acid with NaHCO3, releasing CO2. ...
... are soluble in water. • Soap is the soluble sodium salt of a long chain fatty acid. • Salts can be formed by the reaction of an acid with NaHCO3, releasing CO2. ...
O R` R
... • Class I: Undergo nucleophilic acyl substituion. Includes carboxylic acid derivatives – (last chapter). • Class II: Do NOT contain a group that can be replaced by a nucleophile – (this chapter). O ...
... • Class I: Undergo nucleophilic acyl substituion. Includes carboxylic acid derivatives – (last chapter). • Class II: Do NOT contain a group that can be replaced by a nucleophile – (this chapter). O ...
Microwave-Enhanced Sulphated Zirconia and SZ/MCM
... entails the impossibility of reusing the catalyst after the reactions, and in addition, the workup processes often can be laborious. Recently, we found a description of the reaction performed under mild conditions in aqueous media [10]. Among the solid materials used to catalyze aminolysis reactions ...
... entails the impossibility of reusing the catalyst after the reactions, and in addition, the workup processes often can be laborious. Recently, we found a description of the reaction performed under mild conditions in aqueous media [10]. Among the solid materials used to catalyze aminolysis reactions ...
Highlights IACChE`s James Y. Oldshue Lecture Tuesday, November
... Reactions The synthesis of fine chemicals over solid catalysts often involves the use of solvents that may strongly influence the catalyst performance. Thus, the choice of suitable solvents is frequently critical to obtain high catalytic activity and selectivity. However, the optimal solvent selecti ...
... Reactions The synthesis of fine chemicals over solid catalysts often involves the use of solvents that may strongly influence the catalyst performance. Thus, the choice of suitable solvents is frequently critical to obtain high catalytic activity and selectivity. However, the optimal solvent selecti ...
Chapter 20 Carboxylic Acids
... Basic or acidic hydrolysis of a nitrile (—CN) produces a carboxylic acid. The overall reaction, starting from the alkyl halide, adds an extra carbon to the molecule. Chapter 20 ...
... Basic or acidic hydrolysis of a nitrile (—CN) produces a carboxylic acid. The overall reaction, starting from the alkyl halide, adds an extra carbon to the molecule. Chapter 20 ...
Document
... C2, and the “1” is usually omitted in the name. The ring is numbered clockwise or counterclockwise to give the first substituent the lower number. • Compounds that contain both a double bond and a hydroxy group are named as alkenols and the chain (or ring) is numbered to give the OH group the lower ...
... C2, and the “1” is usually omitted in the name. The ring is numbered clockwise or counterclockwise to give the first substituent the lower number. • Compounds that contain both a double bond and a hydroxy group are named as alkenols and the chain (or ring) is numbered to give the OH group the lower ...
Hydroxyl-Directed Stereoselective Diboration of Alkenes
... diastereomer ratio favoring the syn isomer of product. Reasoning that the substrate alkoxide likely participates in reversible acid−base equilibrium with methanol, a catalytic amount of NaOtBu in the presence of methanol was examined and found to provide the product in good yields and moderate stere ...
... diastereomer ratio favoring the syn isomer of product. Reasoning that the substrate alkoxide likely participates in reversible acid−base equilibrium with methanol, a catalytic amount of NaOtBu in the presence of methanol was examined and found to provide the product in good yields and moderate stere ...
Alcohol
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Alcohol.png?width=300)
In chemistry, an alcohol is any organic compound in which the hydroxyl functional group (–OH) is bound to a saturated carbon atom. The term alcohol originally referred to the primary alcohol ethyl alcohol (ethanol), the predominant alcohol in alcoholic beverages.The suffix -ol appears in the IUPAC chemical name of all substances where the hydroxyl group is the functional group with the highest priority; in substances where a higher priority group is present the prefix hydroxy- will appear in the IUPAC name. The suffix -ol in non-systematic names (such as paracetamol or cholesterol) also typically indicates that the substance includes a hydroxyl functional group and, so, can be termed an alcohol. But many substances, particularly sugars (examples glucose and sucrose) contain hydroxyl functional groups without using the suffix. An important class of alcohols, of which methanol and ethanol are the simplest members is the saturated straight chain alcohols, the general formula for which is CnH2n+1OH.