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replacing the - Shasha iSeminar
... There are also side reactions involving the POCl3 reacting with the alcohol. Other reactions involving phosphorus halides Instead of using phosphorus(III) bromide or iodide, the alcohol is usually heated under reflux with a mixture of red phosphorus and either bromine or iodine. The phosphorus first ...
... There are also side reactions involving the POCl3 reacting with the alcohol. Other reactions involving phosphorus halides Instead of using phosphorus(III) bromide or iodide, the alcohol is usually heated under reflux with a mixture of red phosphorus and either bromine or iodine. The phosphorus first ...
... Johnson Matthey have published an informative 82-page brochure, “The Catalyst Technical Handbook”, which covers the use of catalysts for chemical reactions important in industrial synthesis. The handbook recommends platinum group metal homogeneous, heterogeneous and FibreCatm anchored homogeneous ca ...
Dehydration of 3,3-dimethyl-2-butanol to make alkenes March 1 & 3
... What you will learn/observe: Review elimination reactions Learn how to synthesize an alkene – Acid catalyzed dehydration of an alcohol ...
... What you will learn/observe: Review elimination reactions Learn how to synthesize an alkene – Acid catalyzed dehydration of an alcohol ...
Notes on Substitutions and Eliminations
... 1. The substrate – this is the organic molecule that will be transformed by the substitution or elimination. This is often an organic halide, but it is not limited to those. It is any organic molecule with a group that can be removed; a molecule that has an sp3-hybridized carbon attached to somethin ...
... 1. The substrate – this is the organic molecule that will be transformed by the substitution or elimination. This is often an organic halide, but it is not limited to those. It is any organic molecule with a group that can be removed; a molecule that has an sp3-hybridized carbon attached to somethin ...
Programme
... initially explored. Particular attention was paid to 3(hydroxymethyl)benzophenone, which upon photolysis in acidic aqueous media undergoes an intramolecular photoredox reaction to produce 3-formylbenzhydrol. Extensive investigation into the mechanistic behaviour of 3-(hydroxymethyl)benzophenone prod ...
... initially explored. Particular attention was paid to 3(hydroxymethyl)benzophenone, which upon photolysis in acidic aqueous media undergoes an intramolecular photoredox reaction to produce 3-formylbenzhydrol. Extensive investigation into the mechanistic behaviour of 3-(hydroxymethyl)benzophenone prod ...
Procedure Notes
... • Concentrated acids such as H2SO4 can cause burns. Wash immediately with water if spilled on the skin. • As always, be careful with the hot ...
... • Concentrated acids such as H2SO4 can cause burns. Wash immediately with water if spilled on the skin. • As always, be careful with the hot ...
Reactions of esters:
... in the carbohydrates and the fats and oils of our diets. AMINES AND AMIDES: Both amino groups and their protonated form are found in proteins, enzymes and nucleic acids (the chemicals that carry our genes). When a carbonyl group is attached to a N, another family of compounds are formed. They are ca ...
... in the carbohydrates and the fats and oils of our diets. AMINES AND AMIDES: Both amino groups and their protonated form are found in proteins, enzymes and nucleic acids (the chemicals that carry our genes). When a carbonyl group is attached to a N, another family of compounds are formed. They are ca ...
Set 1 - ExamResults.net
... 33. a) Explain the mechanism involved in the conversion of ethanol into ethene. ...
... 33. a) Explain the mechanism involved in the conversion of ethanol into ethene. ...
handout alkenes from alcohols
... The substrate or starting material is cyclohexanol (R-OH). Phosphoric acid is present as a catalyst which promotes the reaction but is not consumed in it. The hydroxyl group in R-OH is a poor-leaving group because it would have to leave as a hydroxide ion (HO-). Therefore, an acid is used to proton ...
... The substrate or starting material is cyclohexanol (R-OH). Phosphoric acid is present as a catalyst which promotes the reaction but is not consumed in it. The hydroxyl group in R-OH is a poor-leaving group because it would have to leave as a hydroxide ion (HO-). Therefore, an acid is used to proton ...
Lecture6-Organometallic Chemistry
... (a) Ligand coordination and dissociation: Catalysis steps often requires facile coordination of reactants to metal ions and equally facile loss of products. Both ...
... (a) Ligand coordination and dissociation: Catalysis steps often requires facile coordination of reactants to metal ions and equally facile loss of products. Both ...
Lesmahagow High School CfE Advanced Higher Chemistry Unit 2
... The addition of water to an alkene is done in the presence of an acid catalyst. Again this process can produce more than one product. The more likely product of the reaction can be predicted by using Markovnikov’s rule. When water adds across an asymmetrical double bond the major product formed is t ...
... The addition of water to an alkene is done in the presence of an acid catalyst. Again this process can produce more than one product. The more likely product of the reaction can be predicted by using Markovnikov’s rule. When water adds across an asymmetrical double bond the major product formed is t ...
General properties of urea : It is water
... amide (twice over) Its properties are essentially those of amides . ...
... amide (twice over) Its properties are essentially those of amides . ...
Esterification Worksheet
... • Describe the esterification of alcohols with carboxylic acids. • Produce a sample of a pure Phenyl Benzoate ester using a range of advanced chemical techniques. • Explain the process of re-crystallisation. Numeracy starter: Resolution of measuring Cylinder A= ________ ...
... • Describe the esterification of alcohols with carboxylic acids. • Produce a sample of a pure Phenyl Benzoate ester using a range of advanced chemical techniques. • Explain the process of re-crystallisation. Numeracy starter: Resolution of measuring Cylinder A= ________ ...
Thiobenzoate Photochemistry
... equatorial -H should disfavor the H-abstraction route, but it may also affect the cyclization with methylene chloride. The last substrate (9) is a derivative of a vicinal trans-diol. The bicyclic ring structure should be inflexible enough to prevent -H abstraction. One of these substrates will be ...
... equatorial -H should disfavor the H-abstraction route, but it may also affect the cyclization with methylene chloride. The last substrate (9) is a derivative of a vicinal trans-diol. The bicyclic ring structure should be inflexible enough to prevent -H abstraction. One of these substrates will be ...
Ether And Epoxides
... unstable and shock-sensitive due to molecular strain. On standing, they form related peroxidic derivatives, which are also. Due to this, one should never use old bottles of dialkyl ethers, and extreme care must be taken in their uses. ...
... unstable and shock-sensitive due to molecular strain. On standing, they form related peroxidic derivatives, which are also. Due to this, one should never use old bottles of dialkyl ethers, and extreme care must be taken in their uses. ...
Review Questions
... Calculate the pH of the solution after 21 mL of the KOH solution has been added. Assume the Ka of acetic acid is 1.8 x 10-5. Unit 5 –Electrochemistry Theory: Define oxidation, reduction, oxidizing agent, reducing agent, REDOX reaction, Oxidation number, spontaneity rule, protective coating to prev ...
... Calculate the pH of the solution after 21 mL of the KOH solution has been added. Assume the Ka of acetic acid is 1.8 x 10-5. Unit 5 –Electrochemistry Theory: Define oxidation, reduction, oxidizing agent, reducing agent, REDOX reaction, Oxidation number, spontaneity rule, protective coating to prev ...
Topic 8 Assessed Homework Task - A
... Sulfuric acid is manufactured by the Contact Process. Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in a two-stage process to convert 2-methylpropene into 2methylpropan-2-ol. Stage 1 (CH3)2C=CH2 + H2SO4 Stage 2 (CH3)2C(OSO2OH)CH3 + H2O (a) ...
... Sulfuric acid is manufactured by the Contact Process. Concentrated sulfuric acid is used in a two-stage process to convert 2-methylpropene into 2methylpropan-2-ol. Stage 1 (CH3)2C=CH2 + H2SO4 Stage 2 (CH3)2C(OSO2OH)CH3 + H2O (a) ...
handout alkenes from alcohols
... The substrate or starting material is cyclohexanol (R-OH). Phosphoric acid is present as a catalyst which promotes the reaction but is not consumed in it. The hydroxyl group in R-OH is a poor-leaving group because it would have to leave as a hydroxide ion (HO-). Therefore, an acid is used to proton ...
... The substrate or starting material is cyclohexanol (R-OH). Phosphoric acid is present as a catalyst which promotes the reaction but is not consumed in it. The hydroxyl group in R-OH is a poor-leaving group because it would have to leave as a hydroxide ion (HO-). Therefore, an acid is used to proton ...
Lecture 2 - UCLA Chemistry and Biochemistry
... increase (DG=DH-TDS, DS>0) and to remove the products from the equilibrium as they are formed. • Strong acid: it promotes the protonation of the hydroxyl group and minimizes the amount of water in the system. ...
... increase (DG=DH-TDS, DS>0) and to remove the products from the equilibrium as they are formed. • Strong acid: it promotes the protonation of the hydroxyl group and minimizes the amount of water in the system. ...
Asymmetric Organocatalysis
... One of these approaches consists in activating the acceptors – mostly α,β-unsaturated aldehydes (R4 = H) and ketones (R4 = alkyl) – by reversible conversion to a chiral iminium ion. As shown in Scheme 4.2a, reversible condensation of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound with a chiral secondary ami ...
... One of these approaches consists in activating the acceptors – mostly α,β-unsaturated aldehydes (R4 = H) and ketones (R4 = alkyl) – by reversible conversion to a chiral iminium ion. As shown in Scheme 4.2a, reversible condensation of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound with a chiral secondary ami ...
Topic 10 IB Chemistry Definitions
... to the flask and continues to react. If the carboxylic acid is desired from the oxidation of a primary alcohol, this must be done under reflux. On the other hand, if the aldehyde is desired, this can be distilled from the reaction mixture as soon as it is formed. ...
... to the flask and continues to react. If the carboxylic acid is desired from the oxidation of a primary alcohol, this must be done under reflux. On the other hand, if the aldehyde is desired, this can be distilled from the reaction mixture as soon as it is formed. ...
Chapter 18 lectures as pdf
... can be formed in absence of starting C=O • Thus only useful for highly acidic enolates ...
... can be formed in absence of starting C=O • Thus only useful for highly acidic enolates ...
Carboxylic Acid Derivatives and Nitriles
... Like amides, nitriles are reduced in LiAlH4 to primary amines. The reaction is quite clean, usually affording the amine in >80% yield. However, because nitriles are often made from amides, it is often easier to convert the amide to the amine, rather than go through the nitrile. The only real excepti ...
... Like amides, nitriles are reduced in LiAlH4 to primary amines. The reaction is quite clean, usually affording the amine in >80% yield. However, because nitriles are often made from amides, it is often easier to convert the amide to the amine, rather than go through the nitrile. The only real excepti ...
11 - DR CLEM KUEK
... The substitution reaction of propane is preferable to an addition reaction of propene because the addition of HCl to propene will result in the formation of unwanted 2-chloropropane. ...
... The substitution reaction of propane is preferable to an addition reaction of propene because the addition of HCl to propene will result in the formation of unwanted 2-chloropropane. ...
Chapter 24. Amines
... is chiral (in principle but not in practice): the lone pair of electrons is the fourth substituent Most amines that have 3 different substituents on N are not resolved because the molecules interconvert ...
... is chiral (in principle but not in practice): the lone pair of electrons is the fourth substituent Most amines that have 3 different substituents on N are not resolved because the molecules interconvert ...
Hofmann–Löffler reaction
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/General_scheme.gif?width=300)
The Hofmann–Löffler reaction (also referred to as Hofmann–Löffler–Freytag reaction, Löffler–Freytag reaction, Löffler–Hofmann reaction, as well as Löffler's method) is an organic reaction in which a cyclic amine 2 (pyrrolidine or, in some cases, piperidine) is generated by thermal or photochemical decomposition of N-halogenated amine 1 in the presence of a strong acid (concentrated sulfuric acid or concentrated CF3CO2H). The Hofmann–Löffler–Freytag reaction proceeds via an intramolecular hydrogen atom transfer to a nitrogen-centered radical and is an example of a remote intramolecular free radical C–H functionalization.