Synthesis of esterified solid fat from fractionated
... stearin through lipase-catalyzed reaction. The response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for optimization of three reaction factors such as substrate mole ratio, enzyme percent, and reaction time. The design was adequate and reproducible due to satisfactory levels of coefficient of determinatio ...
... stearin through lipase-catalyzed reaction. The response surface methodology (RSM) was applied for optimization of three reaction factors such as substrate mole ratio, enzyme percent, and reaction time. The design was adequate and reproducible due to satisfactory levels of coefficient of determinatio ...
Carboxylic Acid Nomenclature
... 18.12: Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids by the Preparation and Hydrolysis of Nitriles. Cyanide ion is an excellent nucleophile and will react with 1° and 2° alkyl halides and tosylates to give nitriles. This reaction add one carbon. The nitrile can be hydrolyzed to a carboxylic acid ...
... 18.12: Synthesis of Carboxylic Acids by the Preparation and Hydrolysis of Nitriles. Cyanide ion is an excellent nucleophile and will react with 1° and 2° alkyl halides and tosylates to give nitriles. This reaction add one carbon. The nitrile can be hydrolyzed to a carboxylic acid ...
Lithium in Organic Chemistry
... ethers, ketones, alcohols phosphates(shortest Li-Ligand distance) watercarboxylic acid ...
... ethers, ketones, alcohols phosphates(shortest Li-Ligand distance) watercarboxylic acid ...
A Few Things You Might Want To Know
... Intensive and Extensive Properties Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of matter (solubility, density, color, reactivity, conductivity, etc.); extensive properties do (mass, ...
... Intensive and Extensive Properties Intensive properties do not depend on the amount of matter (solubility, density, color, reactivity, conductivity, etc.); extensive properties do (mass, ...
Modified polyacrylamide-supported chlorochromate as a
... Fig. 1. Calibration curve for the atomic absorption spectroscopy method. General procedure for the oxidation of organic compounds with the 5 % cross-linked polymer (III) In a round bottomed flask (25 mL), a mixture of the organic compound (1.00 mmol) and polymeric reagent (III) (2.00–4.00 mmol, base ...
... Fig. 1. Calibration curve for the atomic absorption spectroscopy method. General procedure for the oxidation of organic compounds with the 5 % cross-linked polymer (III) In a round bottomed flask (25 mL), a mixture of the organic compound (1.00 mmol) and polymeric reagent (III) (2.00–4.00 mmol, base ...
naming and isomerism
... but they rotate plane polarised light in different directions. One enantiomer rotates it in one direction and the other enantiomer rotates it by the same amount in the opposite direction. ...
... but they rotate plane polarised light in different directions. One enantiomer rotates it in one direction and the other enantiomer rotates it by the same amount in the opposite direction. ...
Amines and amides
... For primary amines: 1. The prefix amino and a number designates the position of the amino group on an alkane parent chain 2. A substituent on the N uses the –N prefix as with the systematic naming ...
... For primary amines: 1. The prefix amino and a number designates the position of the amino group on an alkane parent chain 2. A substituent on the N uses the –N prefix as with the systematic naming ...
antibiotics penicillins
... narrow spectrum (e.g., the glycopeptides, typified by vancomycin, which are used almost exclusively for a few Gram-positive and anaerobic microorganisms). ...
... narrow spectrum (e.g., the glycopeptides, typified by vancomycin, which are used almost exclusively for a few Gram-positive and anaerobic microorganisms). ...
INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
... - Two stable isotops (13C and 12C) - electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p2 - four valence electrons - can form more compounds than any other element - able to form single, double and triple carboncarbon bonds, and to link up with each other in chains and ring structures ...
... - Two stable isotops (13C and 12C) - electron configuration: 1s2 2s2 2p2 - four valence electrons - can form more compounds than any other element - able to form single, double and triple carboncarbon bonds, and to link up with each other in chains and ring structures ...
Chapter 4: Chemical Reaction Dynamics
... The angular distribution of scattering products reflecting the differential scattering cross section can be measured in crossed molecular beam experiments. The angular distribution of the scattering products is measured with a moveable detector in the laboratory frame. The distribution of scattering ...
... The angular distribution of scattering products reflecting the differential scattering cross section can be measured in crossed molecular beam experiments. The angular distribution of the scattering products is measured with a moveable detector in the laboratory frame. The distribution of scattering ...
Reaction with hydrogen halides
... Each carbon has 3 single (sigma) covalent bonds; two to carbon atoms on either side and one to a hydrogen atom. In addition, all 6 carbon-carbon bonds also have a delocalized π-bond with a high electron density above and below the ring structure making the 6 π shared equally between all 6 carbon ...
... Each carbon has 3 single (sigma) covalent bonds; two to carbon atoms on either side and one to a hydrogen atom. In addition, all 6 carbon-carbon bonds also have a delocalized π-bond with a high electron density above and below the ring structure making the 6 π shared equally between all 6 carbon ...
Chapter 9
... in the production of many important chemicals, such as aspirin, and disinfectants. One industrial method of preparing chlorobenzene is to react benzene, C6H6, with chlorine, which is represented by the following equation. ...
... in the production of many important chemicals, such as aspirin, and disinfectants. One industrial method of preparing chlorobenzene is to react benzene, C6H6, with chlorine, which is represented by the following equation. ...
unit (7) organic compounds: hydrocarbons
... Alkanes: The Simplest Organic Compounds Alkanes are called saturated hydrocarbons because only single bonds connect carbons to each other and to other hydrogen atoms. The molecular formula of all alkanes fit the general formula CnH2n+2, where n equals the number of carbon atoms. There are several me ...
... Alkanes: The Simplest Organic Compounds Alkanes are called saturated hydrocarbons because only single bonds connect carbons to each other and to other hydrogen atoms. The molecular formula of all alkanes fit the general formula CnH2n+2, where n equals the number of carbon atoms. There are several me ...
Chemical Equilibrium
... Changing the volume of a reactant container changes the concentration of gaseous reactants and therefore their partial pressures Equilibrium position will therefore move The value of Kc or Kp does NOT change Changing pressure by adding more of an inert gas has no effect of the equilibrium position - ...
... Changing the volume of a reactant container changes the concentration of gaseous reactants and therefore their partial pressures Equilibrium position will therefore move The value of Kc or Kp does NOT change Changing pressure by adding more of an inert gas has no effect of the equilibrium position - ...
Alkenes Key features sp -hybridized carbons, 120 bond angles
... When there are 3 or more different groups or atoms bonded to the C = C, the E/Z priority system is used instead of cis/trans designations: 1. Groups around C = C are assigned priority based on the atomic numbers of the two atoms bonded to each carbon. The atom with highest atomic number gets highest ...
... When there are 3 or more different groups or atoms bonded to the C = C, the E/Z priority system is used instead of cis/trans designations: 1. Groups around C = C are assigned priority based on the atomic numbers of the two atoms bonded to each carbon. The atom with highest atomic number gets highest ...
SAT - mvhs-fuhsd.org
... (II) chloride (PbCl2). Two or more elements bonded in a wholenumber ratio is a COMPOUND. • This compound is formed from the +4 version of lead. This is lead (IV) chloride (PbCl4). Notice how both samples of lead compounds have consistent composition throughout? Compounds are homogeneous! ...
... (II) chloride (PbCl2). Two or more elements bonded in a wholenumber ratio is a COMPOUND. • This compound is formed from the +4 version of lead. This is lead (IV) chloride (PbCl4). Notice how both samples of lead compounds have consistent composition throughout? Compounds are homogeneous! ...
21 More About Amines • Heterocyclic Compounds
... Some amines are heterocyclic compounds (or heterocycles)—cyclic compounds in which one or more of the atoms of the ring are heteroatoms. A heteroatom is an atom other than carbon. The name comes from the Greek word heteros, which means “different.” A variety of atoms, such as N, O, S, Se, P, Si, B, ...
... Some amines are heterocyclic compounds (or heterocycles)—cyclic compounds in which one or more of the atoms of the ring are heteroatoms. A heteroatom is an atom other than carbon. The name comes from the Greek word heteros, which means “different.” A variety of atoms, such as N, O, S, Se, P, Si, B, ...
I have put this in the format of the 1984 exam
... When the concentration of substance B in the reaction above is doubled, all other factors being held constant, it is found that the rate of the reaction remains unchanged. The most probable explanation for this observation is that (A) the order of the reaction with respect to substance B is 1 (B) su ...
... When the concentration of substance B in the reaction above is doubled, all other factors being held constant, it is found that the rate of the reaction remains unchanged. The most probable explanation for this observation is that (A) the order of the reaction with respect to substance B is 1 (B) su ...
university of london thesis
... The chapter covering results and discussion opens with a brief overview o f the investigational work previously carried out into the Sn I like ring opening o f a model molecule, 1-methylcyclohexene oxide. This is followed by a description o f how a new methodology for the acidic ring opening o f epo ...
... The chapter covering results and discussion opens with a brief overview o f the investigational work previously carried out into the Sn I like ring opening o f a model molecule, 1-methylcyclohexene oxide. This is followed by a description o f how a new methodology for the acidic ring opening o f epo ...
PDF (Size: 119K)
... at 60 OC / heat to same temp (between 40 and 75oC) (1) add (equal volume of) silver nitrate(solution) to each (1) observe time for ppt to be produced / order in which ppts form (1) Shortest time equivalent to fastest rate/vice versa (1) If add NaOH, only first 3 marks available (6 marks) If use KMnO ...
... at 60 OC / heat to same temp (between 40 and 75oC) (1) add (equal volume of) silver nitrate(solution) to each (1) observe time for ppt to be produced / order in which ppts form (1) Shortest time equivalent to fastest rate/vice versa (1) If add NaOH, only first 3 marks available (6 marks) If use KMnO ...
National 5 - Deans Community High School
... This sweet was in the form of a powder which fizzed in water. The fizziness was checked before it was put on the market. ...
... This sweet was in the form of a powder which fizzed in water. The fizziness was checked before it was put on the market. ...
- White Rose Research Online
... Further, the origin of palladacyclisation was evaluated against competitive bis-NHC complexation. The initial calculation predicts that the reaction between palladium acetate and one equivalent of imidazolium 1 is exergonic (Figure 4), with the most stable intermediate being 13. However, DFT calcula ...
... Further, the origin of palladacyclisation was evaluated against competitive bis-NHC complexation. The initial calculation predicts that the reaction between palladium acetate and one equivalent of imidazolium 1 is exergonic (Figure 4), with the most stable intermediate being 13. However, DFT calcula ...
oxidation–reduction reaction
... • A reaction in which electrons are transferred from one atom to another is called an oxidation–reduction reaction. • Also called redox reactions ...
... • A reaction in which electrons are transferred from one atom to another is called an oxidation–reduction reaction. • Also called redox reactions ...
Strychnine total synthesis
Strychnine total synthesis in chemistry describes the total synthesis of the complex biomolecule strychnine. The first reported method by the group of Robert Burns Woodward in 1954 is considered a classic in this research field. At the time it formed the natural conclusion to an elaborate process of molecular structure elucidation that started with the isolation of strychnine from the beans of Strychnos ignatii by Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Bienaimé Caventou in 1818. Major contributors to the entire effort were Sir Robert Robinson with over 250 publications and Hermann Leuchs with another 125 papers in a time span of 40 years. Robinson was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1947 for his work on alkaloids, strychnine included. The process of chemical identification was completed with publications in 1946 by Robinson and later confirmed by Woodward in 1947. X-ray structures establishing the absolute configuration became available between 1947 and 1951 with publications from J. M. Bijvoet and J.H. Robertson .Woodward published a very brief account on the strychnine synthesis in 1954 (just 3 pages) and a lengthy one (42 pages) in 1963.Many more methods exist and reported by the research groups of Magnus, Overman, Kuehne, Rawal, Bosch, Vollhardt, Mori, Shibasaki, Li, Fukuyama Vanderwal and MacMillan. Synthetic (+)-strychnine is also known. Racemic synthesises were published by Padwa in 2007 and in 2010 by Andrade and by Reissig.In his 1963 publication Woodward quoted Sir Robert Robinson who said for its molecular size it is the most complex substance known.