Microsoft Word
... generates a 2/1 mixture of bis- and mono-addition products whereas addition of excess iPrMgBr gives only the monoaddition product. This is presumably due to steric factors (quaternary center adjacent to the reaction site). Reduction of 2 (NaBH4/EtOH, rt. 2 h) produced the unsymmetrical 3,4-substitut ...
... generates a 2/1 mixture of bis- and mono-addition products whereas addition of excess iPrMgBr gives only the monoaddition product. This is presumably due to steric factors (quaternary center adjacent to the reaction site). Reduction of 2 (NaBH4/EtOH, rt. 2 h) produced the unsymmetrical 3,4-substitut ...
STUDY GUIDE FOR CHAPTER 4 1. Functional Groups – these are
... expected to be highest for methyl alcohol, followed by primary alcohols, then secondary and fastest for tertiary. 11. Reactions of Primary Alcohols with HX and the SN 2 Mechanism – the SN 1 mechanism is not possible for methyl or primary alcohols, due to the very high energy (low stability) of methy ...
... expected to be highest for methyl alcohol, followed by primary alcohols, then secondary and fastest for tertiary. 11. Reactions of Primary Alcohols with HX and the SN 2 Mechanism – the SN 1 mechanism is not possible for methyl or primary alcohols, due to the very high energy (low stability) of methy ...
Lecture 31 Homogeneous catalysis
... The homogeneous catalyst precursors are added in the reaction system in different forms and are transformed into the active form insitu. During one catalytic cycle, the catalyst may pass through several intermediate forms and finally produce the products. After end of each catalytic cycle, the catal ...
... The homogeneous catalyst precursors are added in the reaction system in different forms and are transformed into the active form insitu. During one catalytic cycle, the catalyst may pass through several intermediate forms and finally produce the products. After end of each catalytic cycle, the catal ...
Dehydration notes
... Dehydration of alcohols is … Acid catalyzed – creates a good leaving group (i.e. water) Carbocation intermediate formation. First two steps of the mechanism at the same as for SN1. Carbocation will rearrange for increased stability, if possible. 5. Protons can be removed from any adjacent position ...
... Dehydration of alcohols is … Acid catalyzed – creates a good leaving group (i.e. water) Carbocation intermediate formation. First two steps of the mechanism at the same as for SN1. Carbocation will rearrange for increased stability, if possible. 5. Protons can be removed from any adjacent position ...
Premier exercice
... 2C4 H10 + 13O 2 → 8CO 2 + 10H2 O Hydrocarbon (A) C2 H4 , is an alkene. It undergoes addition reaction with chlorine .One of the bonds of the double covalent bond breaks and a chlorine atom is added to each of the carbon atoms. (1pt) => Structural formula (I) can be associated to compound (D). (0.5pt ...
... 2C4 H10 + 13O 2 → 8CO 2 + 10H2 O Hydrocarbon (A) C2 H4 , is an alkene. It undergoes addition reaction with chlorine .One of the bonds of the double covalent bond breaks and a chlorine atom is added to each of the carbon atoms. (1pt) => Structural formula (I) can be associated to compound (D). (0.5pt ...
haloalkanes - Knockhardy
... • the nucleophile uses its lone pair to provide the electrons for a new bond • the halogen is displaced as an ion as carbon can only have 8 electrons in its outer shell • the result is substitution following attack by a nucleophile ...
... • the nucleophile uses its lone pair to provide the electrons for a new bond • the halogen is displaced as an ion as carbon can only have 8 electrons in its outer shell • the result is substitution following attack by a nucleophile ...
Carbon Compounds
... Organic Compounds • Compounds that contain Carbon are called organic compounds (with the exception of few). • Many organic compounds have similar Properties such as: Low melting point, low boiling point Do not conduct electric current Do not dissolve in water They are liquids or gases at room tempe ...
... Organic Compounds • Compounds that contain Carbon are called organic compounds (with the exception of few). • Many organic compounds have similar Properties such as: Low melting point, low boiling point Do not conduct electric current Do not dissolve in water They are liquids or gases at room tempe ...
Perspective and prospects for pincer ligand chemistry
... to the development of catalysts that produced alkene (+ dihydrogen) from alkane in concentrations approaching 0.5 M upon reflux in open systems! While terminal olefins are the kinetic products in these dehydrogenations, competitive isomerization to give internal olefins is unavoidable with these cat ...
... to the development of catalysts that produced alkene (+ dihydrogen) from alkane in concentrations approaching 0.5 M upon reflux in open systems! While terminal olefins are the kinetic products in these dehydrogenations, competitive isomerization to give internal olefins is unavoidable with these cat ...
Rxns of Alkynes
... 1. name like alkenes, but no cis/trans or E/Z 2. find longest chain containing funct. grp and # so funct grp # smallest 3. if 2 triple bonds, diyne a. if 3 trple bonds, triyne b. if 4, tetrayne, then pentayne, hexayne, heptayne, etc 4. with number (#) as prefix a. funct grp has priority with numberi ...
... 1. name like alkenes, but no cis/trans or E/Z 2. find longest chain containing funct. grp and # so funct grp # smallest 3. if 2 triple bonds, diyne a. if 3 trple bonds, triyne b. if 4, tetrayne, then pentayne, hexayne, heptayne, etc 4. with number (#) as prefix a. funct grp has priority with numberi ...
Applied Catalysis A: General, 374 (1-2) 201
... [27–30] catalysts in combination with trialkylphosphine ligands have been shown to produce alcohols; however, cobalt-based catalysts exhibit low alcohol selectivity because they promote the hydrogenation of the alkene to the corresponding alkane. Studies by Cole-Hamilton and coworkers have demonstra ...
... [27–30] catalysts in combination with trialkylphosphine ligands have been shown to produce alcohols; however, cobalt-based catalysts exhibit low alcohol selectivity because they promote the hydrogenation of the alkene to the corresponding alkane. Studies by Cole-Hamilton and coworkers have demonstra ...
Chapter 19. Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions
... suffix -yl from the root of the carboxylic acid CH3CO: acetyl; CHO: formyl; C6H5CO: benzoyl; ArCO: aroyl The prefix oxo- is used if other functional groups are present ...
... suffix -yl from the root of the carboxylic acid CH3CO: acetyl; CHO: formyl; C6H5CO: benzoyl; ArCO: aroyl The prefix oxo- is used if other functional groups are present ...
Document
... • The functional group of the alcohols is –OH (hydroxyl group) • Alcohols are substituted alkanes (as an -H has been replaced with an –OH) • Alcohols are made via hydration of alkenes and fermentation. • Alcohols make useful industrial solvents. • All alcohols follow the general formula; ...
... • The functional group of the alcohols is –OH (hydroxyl group) • Alcohols are substituted alkanes (as an -H has been replaced with an –OH) • Alcohols are made via hydration of alkenes and fermentation. • Alcohols make useful industrial solvents. • All alcohols follow the general formula; ...
CHEM 202_ Part 2
... Carbonyl group is stabilized by adjacent alkyl groups (e-donor), so ketone is more stable than aldehyde. Steric effect also play a role in the relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones. ...
... Carbonyl group is stabilized by adjacent alkyl groups (e-donor), so ketone is more stable than aldehyde. Steric effect also play a role in the relative reactivities of aldehydes and ketones. ...
Experiment 4- Alkene
... (ii) Reactions of Alkenes Alkenes, containing a site of unsaturation, undergo electrophilic addition reactions with several reagents such as halogens, oxidizing agents, and sulfuric, halogen, and hypohalous acids. In particular, bromine and oxidizing agents such as permanganate are widely used in qu ...
... (ii) Reactions of Alkenes Alkenes, containing a site of unsaturation, undergo electrophilic addition reactions with several reagents such as halogens, oxidizing agents, and sulfuric, halogen, and hypohalous acids. In particular, bromine and oxidizing agents such as permanganate are widely used in qu ...
E2 reactions
... Relative rates for E2: 3°>2°>1°. The base must be strong. The LG should be good. The solvent should be polar. Coplanar (usually anti) transition state is ...
... Relative rates for E2: 3°>2°>1°. The base must be strong. The LG should be good. The solvent should be polar. Coplanar (usually anti) transition state is ...
Organic and Inorganic Esters from Alcohols
... Haloalkanes can be made from alcohols through inorganic esters. As an alternative to the acid-catalyzed conversions of alcohols into haloalkanes, a number of inorganic reagents can convert the alcoholic hydroxyl group into a good leaving group under milder conditions. ...
... Haloalkanes can be made from alcohols through inorganic esters. As an alternative to the acid-catalyzed conversions of alcohols into haloalkanes, a number of inorganic reagents can convert the alcoholic hydroxyl group into a good leaving group under milder conditions. ...
- EdShare - University of Southampton
... Alkenes are unsaturated compounds that can be used in organic synthesis. They can be formed in elimination reactions of halogenoalkanes. An example of this is the reaction between 2-bromopentane and hot ethanolic KOH. Using your knowledge of reaction mechanisms, draw appropriate curly arrows to comp ...
... Alkenes are unsaturated compounds that can be used in organic synthesis. They can be formed in elimination reactions of halogenoalkanes. An example of this is the reaction between 2-bromopentane and hot ethanolic KOH. Using your knowledge of reaction mechanisms, draw appropriate curly arrows to comp ...
Hydroformylation
Hydroformylation, also known as oxo synthesis or oxo process, is an important homogeneously catalyzed industrial process for the production of aldehydes from alkenes. This chemical reaction entails the addition of a formyl group (CHO) and a hydrogen atom to a carbon-carbon double bond. This process has undergone continuous growth since its invention in 1938: Production capacity reached 6.6×106 tons in 1995. It is important because the resulting aldehydes are easily converted into many secondary products. For example, the resulting aldehydes are hydrogenated to alcohols that are converted to plasticizers or detergents. Hydroformylation is also used in specialty chemicals, relevant to the organic synthesis of fragrances and natural products. The development of hydroformylation, which originated within the German coal-based industry, is considered one of the premier achievements of 20th-century industrial chemistry.The process typically entails treatment of an alkene with high pressures (between 10 to 100 atmospheres) of carbon monoxide and hydrogen at temperatures between 40 and 200 °C. Transition metal catalysts are required.