Regulations of the International Chemistry Olympiad (IChO)
... Electrophilic substitution: substitution on aromatic rings, influence of substituents on the reactivity and regioselectivity, electrophilic species; Elimination: E1 and E2 reactions at sp3 carbon centers, stereochemistry, acid-base catalysis, common leaving groups; Nucleophilic substitution: SN1 and ...
... Electrophilic substitution: substitution on aromatic rings, influence of substituents on the reactivity and regioselectivity, electrophilic species; Elimination: E1 and E2 reactions at sp3 carbon centers, stereochemistry, acid-base catalysis, common leaving groups; Nucleophilic substitution: SN1 and ...
ORGANIC CHEMISTRY - Alex Science Department
... - with alkane molecules, there are only London forces involved - with alkyl halides there are dipole-dipole forces involved too - the dipole-dipole forces are stronger and thus more energy is needed to separate the molecules 2) Melting points and boiling points of alkyl halides increases as the numb ...
... - with alkane molecules, there are only London forces involved - with alkyl halides there are dipole-dipole forces involved too - the dipole-dipole forces are stronger and thus more energy is needed to separate the molecules 2) Melting points and boiling points of alkyl halides increases as the numb ...
Here is the Original File - University of New Hampshire
... first try in the experiment, the product was heated during the rotating evaporation. However, the heat causes the formation of the di-substituted product. So, the heat should be avoided at all times. ...
... first try in the experiment, the product was heated during the rotating evaporation. However, the heat causes the formation of the di-substituted product. So, the heat should be avoided at all times. ...
organic chemistry - Peoria Public Schools
... As they are unsaturated alkenes are reactive. The second bond of the double bond is weaker than a single carbon-carbon bond and is broken much easier. It is because of this greater reactivity that alkenes, especially ethene, are important starting materials in organic synthesis of useful chemicals. ...
... As they are unsaturated alkenes are reactive. The second bond of the double bond is weaker than a single carbon-carbon bond and is broken much easier. It is because of this greater reactivity that alkenes, especially ethene, are important starting materials in organic synthesis of useful chemicals. ...
Investigating Esters
... not be possible to determine the boiling point by the distillation method and a semi micro method should be employed. The suggested method in the starter experiment is a generic one and may need to be slightly adjusted for each ester. Students should be encouraged to find details from the literature ...
... not be possible to determine the boiling point by the distillation method and a semi micro method should be employed. The suggested method in the starter experiment is a generic one and may need to be slightly adjusted for each ester. Students should be encouraged to find details from the literature ...
Class: 11 Subject: Chemistry Topic: Equilibrium No. of
... 10. Two moles of nitrogen and two moles of hydrogen are taken in a closed vessel of a five litre capacity and suitable conditions are provided for the reaction. When equilibrium is reached it is found that half a mole of nitrogen is used up. The equilibrium concentration of ammonia is A. 0.2 B. 0.4 ...
... 10. Two moles of nitrogen and two moles of hydrogen are taken in a closed vessel of a five litre capacity and suitable conditions are provided for the reaction. When equilibrium is reached it is found that half a mole of nitrogen is used up. The equilibrium concentration of ammonia is A. 0.2 B. 0.4 ...
Nature of chemical reaction - Environmental-Chemistry
... absorbed to form sugar (stored in form of product) and oxygen gas that is released into the air. light energy from sun is absorbed ...
... absorbed to form sugar (stored in form of product) and oxygen gas that is released into the air. light energy from sun is absorbed ...
Slide 1
... Steps in a Stoichiometric Calculation: 1. Write and balance the chemical equation for the reaction. 2. Determine molar masses of substances involved in the calculation. 3. Use the coefficients of the balanced equation to convert the moles of the given substance to the moles of the desired substance. ...
... Steps in a Stoichiometric Calculation: 1. Write and balance the chemical equation for the reaction. 2. Determine molar masses of substances involved in the calculation. 3. Use the coefficients of the balanced equation to convert the moles of the given substance to the moles of the desired substance. ...
Organic Compounds
... shows that all C-C bonds in benzene are the same length. Benzene reacts like an alkane, not like an alkene. ...
... shows that all C-C bonds in benzene are the same length. Benzene reacts like an alkane, not like an alkene. ...
Test - Roslyn School
... and duration of exposure to light were increased. 26. The time it takes for the number of leaves to increase from 15 to 30 is approximately A) 2.0 days ...
... and duration of exposure to light were increased. 26. The time it takes for the number of leaves to increase from 15 to 30 is approximately A) 2.0 days ...
examination of catalysts containing palladium in oxidation of
... acetate, ZELINSKY and GLINKA. [17] use formic acid in alkaline solution, in a patent of Hoechst [18] hydrazine is applied for the reduction of the metal compound. There are several descriptions where palladium compounds are reduced by hydrogen suspended in alkaline or acidic solution. In the last de ...
... acetate, ZELINSKY and GLINKA. [17] use formic acid in alkaline solution, in a patent of Hoechst [18] hydrazine is applied for the reduction of the metal compound. There are several descriptions where palladium compounds are reduced by hydrogen suspended in alkaline or acidic solution. In the last de ...
Carbon Chemistry
... 2. Draw the complete structural diagrams for all the unique isomers of the alkene, C5H10. Use the molecular models to help sort out the differences. 3. Complete this table: Fill in “liquid” or “solid” Type of Fat Saturated Mono-unsaturated Polyunsaturated ...
... 2. Draw the complete structural diagrams for all the unique isomers of the alkene, C5H10. Use the molecular models to help sort out the differences. 3. Complete this table: Fill in “liquid” or “solid” Type of Fat Saturated Mono-unsaturated Polyunsaturated ...
CHAPTER 12 Solid-Phase Synthesis of Peptides Containing the
... and development of competitive peptide agonists and antagonists for numerous peptide-receptor systems. Systematic side-chain replacement is often the first step in the design process of higher-affinity ligands. Modification of the peptide backbone is another step in the design process, but requires ...
... and development of competitive peptide agonists and antagonists for numerous peptide-receptor systems. Systematic side-chain replacement is often the first step in the design process of higher-affinity ligands. Modification of the peptide backbone is another step in the design process, but requires ...
WHAT IS MORPHINE -- ACTIVITY #1 What is morphine? What is it
... What are the functional groups? The organic functional groups are the following: Alkane, Alkyl halide, Primary alcohol, Secondary alcohol, Tertiary alcohol, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic acid, Carbonyl function, Ester, Amide, Primary amine, Secondary amine, Tertiary amine, Acid chloride, Acid anhydri ...
... What are the functional groups? The organic functional groups are the following: Alkane, Alkyl halide, Primary alcohol, Secondary alcohol, Tertiary alcohol, Aldehyde, Ketone, Carboxylic acid, Carbonyl function, Ester, Amide, Primary amine, Secondary amine, Tertiary amine, Acid chloride, Acid anhydri ...
ALKENES INTRODUCING
... Like any other hydrocarbons, alkenes burn in air or oxygen, but these reactions are unimportant. Alkenes are too valuable to waste in this way. The important reactions all centre around the double bond. Typically, the pi bond breaks and the electrons from it are used to join the two carbon atoms to ...
... Like any other hydrocarbons, alkenes burn in air or oxygen, but these reactions are unimportant. Alkenes are too valuable to waste in this way. The important reactions all centre around the double bond. Typically, the pi bond breaks and the electrons from it are used to join the two carbon atoms to ...
SMJK PEREMPUAN CHINA PULAU PINANG CHEMISTRY FORM 5
... (ii) Name reaction Y. [1m] ……………………………………………………… (e) Draw the structural formula for 2,3-dibromobutane. [1m] (f) Reaction B is a hydrogenation process. Identify substance P and the type of catalyst used. [2m] P: ………………………………………………………………………………. ...
... (ii) Name reaction Y. [1m] ……………………………………………………… (e) Draw the structural formula for 2,3-dibromobutane. [1m] (f) Reaction B is a hydrogenation process. Identify substance P and the type of catalyst used. [2m] P: ………………………………………………………………………………. ...
metal ion
... If the ligand is a negative ion: ‘ide’ is dropped and replaced with ‘o’ e.g. chloride becomes chloro , cyanide becomes cyano; ‘ate’ and ‘ite’ change to ‘ato’ or ‘ito’ e.g. oxalate becomes oxalato, nitrite becomes nitrito. ...
... If the ligand is a negative ion: ‘ide’ is dropped and replaced with ‘o’ e.g. chloride becomes chloro , cyanide becomes cyano; ‘ate’ and ‘ite’ change to ‘ato’ or ‘ito’ e.g. oxalate becomes oxalato, nitrite becomes nitrito. ...
full size
... ¾The group is somewhat more polar than ethers, but like ethers it cannot donate a hydrogen bond to itself. Thus aldehydes are less volatile (higher boiling) than alkanes or ethers but are more volatile than alcohols or carboxylic acids. They are slightly less soluble in water than the alcohols of si ...
... ¾The group is somewhat more polar than ethers, but like ethers it cannot donate a hydrogen bond to itself. Thus aldehydes are less volatile (higher boiling) than alkanes or ethers but are more volatile than alcohols or carboxylic acids. They are slightly less soluble in water than the alcohols of si ...
Chapter 11: Alcohols, Phenols And Ethers
... also charge delocalisation in phenol, its resonance structures have charge separation due to which the phenol molecule is less stable than phenoxide ion. ...
... also charge delocalisation in phenol, its resonance structures have charge separation due to which the phenol molecule is less stable than phenoxide ion. ...
File
... reverse of hydration . It is an elimination reaction and can occur by either an E1 or an E2 mechanism, depending on the class of the alcohol. ...
... reverse of hydration . It is an elimination reaction and can occur by either an E1 or an E2 mechanism, depending on the class of the alcohol. ...
Hydroformylation
Hydroformylation, also known as oxo synthesis or oxo process, is an important homogeneously catalyzed industrial process for the production of aldehydes from alkenes. This chemical reaction entails the addition of a formyl group (CHO) and a hydrogen atom to a carbon-carbon double bond. This process has undergone continuous growth since its invention in 1938: Production capacity reached 6.6×106 tons in 1995. It is important because the resulting aldehydes are easily converted into many secondary products. For example, the resulting aldehydes are hydrogenated to alcohols that are converted to plasticizers or detergents. Hydroformylation is also used in specialty chemicals, relevant to the organic synthesis of fragrances and natural products. The development of hydroformylation, which originated within the German coal-based industry, is considered one of the premier achievements of 20th-century industrial chemistry.The process typically entails treatment of an alkene with high pressures (between 10 to 100 atmospheres) of carbon monoxide and hydrogen at temperatures between 40 and 200 °C. Transition metal catalysts are required.