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... • A benzene ring in which one hydrogen atom has been substituted by another group is known as the phenyl group. • The phenyl group has the formula C6H5. ...
... • A benzene ring in which one hydrogen atom has been substituted by another group is known as the phenyl group. • The phenyl group has the formula C6H5. ...
06_reactions
... Oxidation of an aldehyde under acidic conditions aldehyde + oxidising agent + H+ → carboxylic acid (there will be more reactants or products depending on the oxidising agent) Example: ethanal + acidified dichromate → ethanoic acid + chromium ions CH3CHO + Cr2O72- + 12H+ → CH3COOH + 2Cr3+ + 6H2O ...
... Oxidation of an aldehyde under acidic conditions aldehyde + oxidising agent + H+ → carboxylic acid (there will be more reactants or products depending on the oxidising agent) Example: ethanal + acidified dichromate → ethanoic acid + chromium ions CH3CHO + Cr2O72- + 12H+ → CH3COOH + 2Cr3+ + 6H2O ...
Aldehydes and Ketones
... convert acylbenzenes (from Friedel-Crafts acylation) to alkylbenzenes, but it also works with other ketones or aldehydes that are not sensitive to acid. The carbonyl compound is heated with an excess of amalgamated zinc (zinc treated with mercury; Zn (Hg), and concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl). T ...
... convert acylbenzenes (from Friedel-Crafts acylation) to alkylbenzenes, but it also works with other ketones or aldehydes that are not sensitive to acid. The carbonyl compound is heated with an excess of amalgamated zinc (zinc treated with mercury; Zn (Hg), and concentrated hydrochloric acid (HCl). T ...
Exp`t 73
... Interestingly, distillation of the product mixture gives fractions of varying composition, where the lower boiling product distills later. If all of the products were formed instantaneously, then obviously the lower boiling component would be expected to distill earlier; that it does not implies tha ...
... Interestingly, distillation of the product mixture gives fractions of varying composition, where the lower boiling product distills later. If all of the products were formed instantaneously, then obviously the lower boiling component would be expected to distill earlier; that it does not implies tha ...
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... • Jones Reagent Harsher Oxidant (1° Alcohol Carboxylic Acid) • Alcohol Often Dissolved in Acetone While Jones Reagent Added • Choose Oxidant Based on Desired Carbonyl Functional Group ...
... • Jones Reagent Harsher Oxidant (1° Alcohol Carboxylic Acid) • Alcohol Often Dissolved in Acetone While Jones Reagent Added • Choose Oxidant Based on Desired Carbonyl Functional Group ...
ch12 by dina
... The starting material may be a ketone or an ester There are two routes that start with ketones (one is shown) ...
... The starting material may be a ketone or an ester There are two routes that start with ketones (one is shown) ...
LOYOLA COLLEGE (AUTONOMOUS), CHENNAI – 600 034 PART-A
... a) Explain the octant rule with a suitable example. b) The cotton effect curves of (+)-3-methylcyclopentanone in methanol shows only a 24% reaction upon addition of acid a) Compare the ipso-attack in aromatic electrophilic substitution with the SNAr mechanism. b) ‘The reaction between ethylene oxide ...
... a) Explain the octant rule with a suitable example. b) The cotton effect curves of (+)-3-methylcyclopentanone in methanol shows only a 24% reaction upon addition of acid a) Compare the ipso-attack in aromatic electrophilic substitution with the SNAr mechanism. b) ‘The reaction between ethylene oxide ...
L refers to the left hand orientation of the OH on the chiral carbon
... -1,4-glycosidic bonds • it has an average molecular weight of 400,000 g/mol, corresponding to approximately 2200 glucose units per molecule • cellulose molecules act like stiff rods and align themselves side by side into well-organized waterinsoluble fibers in which the OH groups form numerous inte ...
... -1,4-glycosidic bonds • it has an average molecular weight of 400,000 g/mol, corresponding to approximately 2200 glucose units per molecule • cellulose molecules act like stiff rods and align themselves side by side into well-organized waterinsoluble fibers in which the OH groups form numerous inte ...
Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones
... The carbocation-like carbon atom is stabilized by alkyl groups and destabilized by electron-withdrawing groups, such as CCl=3= and CF3. The stabilities of the product diols are affected to a lesser extent. ...
... The carbocation-like carbon atom is stabilized by alkyl groups and destabilized by electron-withdrawing groups, such as CCl=3= and CF3. The stabilities of the product diols are affected to a lesser extent. ...
mark scheme - A-Level Chemistry
... M2 could be to an H+ ion and M3 an independent O − H bond break on a compound with molecular formula for H2SO4 Max any 3 of 4 marks for a correct mechanism using the wrong organic reactant or wrong organic product (if shown) or a primary carbocation. M3 must show the breaking of the O − H bond on H2 ...
... M2 could be to an H+ ion and M3 an independent O − H bond break on a compound with molecular formula for H2SO4 Max any 3 of 4 marks for a correct mechanism using the wrong organic reactant or wrong organic product (if shown) or a primary carbocation. M3 must show the breaking of the O − H bond on H2 ...
Chapter 13 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers
... • Step 4: Locate and name any other groups attached to the longest chain. • Step 5: Combine the name and location of other groups, the location of the –OH, and the longest chain into the final name. CH3 OH CH3 • Example: ...
... • Step 4: Locate and name any other groups attached to the longest chain. • Step 5: Combine the name and location of other groups, the location of the –OH, and the longest chain into the final name. CH3 OH CH3 • Example: ...
uncorrected page proofs
... There are a number of rules for naming hydrocarbons. • Rule 1: Determine the longest chain of carbon atoms. • Rule 2: Determine which end is nearest to a branch, a double bond or a triple bond. (A double or triple bond takes precedence over a branch if they are equidistant from either end of the c ...
... There are a number of rules for naming hydrocarbons. • Rule 1: Determine the longest chain of carbon atoms. • Rule 2: Determine which end is nearest to a branch, a double bond or a triple bond. (A double or triple bond takes precedence over a branch if they are equidistant from either end of the c ...
n - TU Chemnitz
... constants, and finally to understand the kinetics of the reactions. After that, different reactions like substitution, esterification, dehydration, oxidation of the hydroxy-group and 1,3-dipolar Cycloaddition, photolysis, Staudinger reaction of the azido-group should be performed. ...
... constants, and finally to understand the kinetics of the reactions. After that, different reactions like substitution, esterification, dehydration, oxidation of the hydroxy-group and 1,3-dipolar Cycloaddition, photolysis, Staudinger reaction of the azido-group should be performed. ...
In Situ Click Chemistry
... In situ AA Click chemistry is completely biocompatible, uses irreversible reaction to unite reagents inside the protein´s binding ...
... In situ AA Click chemistry is completely biocompatible, uses irreversible reaction to unite reagents inside the protein´s binding ...
ap biology study guide
... The Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius was the first to make a distinction between organic compounds that seemed to arise in only living organisms and inorganic compounds that were found in the nonliving world. ...
... The Swedish chemist Jons Jacob Berzelius was the first to make a distinction between organic compounds that seemed to arise in only living organisms and inorganic compounds that were found in the nonliving world. ...
Uses and Sources of some Organic Molecules C11-5-14
... An aromatic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon in which the molecular structure includes one or more planar sets of six carbon atoms that are connected by delocalized electrons. (Delocalized electrons are electrons in a molecule that are not associated with a single atom or to a covalent bond. Delocalized ...
... An aromatic hydrocarbon is a hydrocarbon in which the molecular structure includes one or more planar sets of six carbon atoms that are connected by delocalized electrons. (Delocalized electrons are electrons in a molecule that are not associated with a single atom or to a covalent bond. Delocalized ...
Chapter 14
... and especially DO NOT distill these solvents that have been kept after long periods of time ...
... and especially DO NOT distill these solvents that have been kept after long periods of time ...
Carbon and Molecular Diversity - 1 Although water is the most
... The smallest alkane is methane, CH4, a single carbon atom bonded to 4 hydrogen atoms. The hydrocarbon backbone is lengthened by adding methyl functional groups, CH3, a carbon with 3 hydrogen atoms attached. The naming convention for alkanes is important because this naming convention is used for mos ...
... The smallest alkane is methane, CH4, a single carbon atom bonded to 4 hydrogen atoms. The hydrocarbon backbone is lengthened by adding methyl functional groups, CH3, a carbon with 3 hydrogen atoms attached. The naming convention for alkanes is important because this naming convention is used for mos ...
Alkene
In organic chemistry, an alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon–carbon double bond. Alkene, olefin, and olefine are used often interchangeably (see nomenclature section below). Acyclic alkenes, with only one double bond and no other functional groups, known as mono-enes, form a homologous series of hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n. Alkenes have two hydrogen atoms less than the corresponding alkane (with the same number of carbon atoms). The simplest alkene, ethylene (C2H4), which has the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) name ethene is the organic compound produced on the largest scale industrially. Aromatic compounds are often drawn as cyclic alkenes, but their structure and properties are different and they are not considered to be alkenes.