Reactions of Alkyl Halides (SN1, SN2, E1, and E2 reactions)
... elimination. In 3° substrates, only SN1 is possible. In Me° and 1° substrates, SN2 is faster. For 2° substrates, the mechanism of substitution depends upon the solvent. 2. Strong bases, like OH- and OR-, are also good nucleophiles. Substitution and elimination compete. In 3° and 2° alkyl halides, E2 ...
... elimination. In 3° substrates, only SN1 is possible. In Me° and 1° substrates, SN2 is faster. For 2° substrates, the mechanism of substitution depends upon the solvent. 2. Strong bases, like OH- and OR-, are also good nucleophiles. Substitution and elimination compete. In 3° and 2° alkyl halides, E2 ...
Ethers and Epoxides
... Unlike straight chain ethers, epoxides are very reactive (release of ring strain), and are useful intermediates because of their chemical versatility. Synthesis Recall alkene and peroxyacid epoxide and carboxylic acid ...
... Unlike straight chain ethers, epoxides are very reactive (release of ring strain), and are useful intermediates because of their chemical versatility. Synthesis Recall alkene and peroxyacid epoxide and carboxylic acid ...
CHEM 203 Material
... state of –4. This produces a significant concentration of electronic density around the C atom. One may predict that the C atom in methane will behave as an electron donor in its reactions; that is, it will tend to react with electron acceptors. Likewise, one may predict that hypothetical reactions ...
... state of –4. This produces a significant concentration of electronic density around the C atom. One may predict that the C atom in methane will behave as an electron donor in its reactions; that is, it will tend to react with electron acceptors. Likewise, one may predict that hypothetical reactions ...
ALCOHOLS, PHENOLS AND ETHERS
... According to the IUPAC system of nomenclature, alcohols are called alkanols. They are named as the derivatives of the corresponding alkane in which the -e of the alkane is replaced by -ol . The procedure for nomenclature involves the following steps: Step 1: Select the longest carbon chain which con ...
... According to the IUPAC system of nomenclature, alcohols are called alkanols. They are named as the derivatives of the corresponding alkane in which the -e of the alkane is replaced by -ol . The procedure for nomenclature involves the following steps: Step 1: Select the longest carbon chain which con ...
Chapter 17
... Chlorination is similar to bromination. AlCl3 is most often used as catalyst, but FeCl3 will also work. Iodination requires an acidic oxidizing agent like nitric acid agent, acid, to produce iodide cation. H+ + HNO3 + ½ I2 Chapter 17 ...
... Chlorination is similar to bromination. AlCl3 is most often used as catalyst, but FeCl3 will also work. Iodination requires an acidic oxidizing agent like nitric acid agent, acid, to produce iodide cation. H+ + HNO3 + ½ I2 Chapter 17 ...
Derivatization of polar compounds for GC - Sigma
... •Can be used to add a “protecting” group to heat sensitive compounds •Most common use is the derivatization of organic acids prior to GC analysis •Principal reaction involves nucleophilic displacement •The less acidic H is, the more strongly basic the catalyst must be ...
... •Can be used to add a “protecting” group to heat sensitive compounds •Most common use is the derivatization of organic acids prior to GC analysis •Principal reaction involves nucleophilic displacement •The less acidic H is, the more strongly basic the catalyst must be ...
Organic Chemistry
... CH3 - C-H CH2 = C- H • Step 2: Proton transfer from HA to the carbonyl group of a second molecule of aldehyde or ketone. O CH3 -C-H + H A ...
... CH3 - C-H CH2 = C- H • Step 2: Proton transfer from HA to the carbonyl group of a second molecule of aldehyde or ketone. O CH3 -C-H + H A ...
1 - University of Missouri
... utilize your course textbook (pp. 764-766), if you need assistance. Please note that the frequency given below should be exact (one number), not a range. Use the frequency of the center of the band at its strongest point. Then, on the spectrum itself, mark the characteristic bands at their strongest ...
... utilize your course textbook (pp. 764-766), if you need assistance. Please note that the frequency given below should be exact (one number), not a range. Use the frequency of the center of the band at its strongest point. Then, on the spectrum itself, mark the characteristic bands at their strongest ...
NITRO COMPOUNDS
... For nitrating compounds containing electron attracting or deactivating group such as – COOH or when it is desired to introduce more than one nitro group a suitably strong nitrating mixture has to employed and the reaction is carried out at higher temperature . Nitro benzene and m-dinitrobenzene can ...
... For nitrating compounds containing electron attracting or deactivating group such as – COOH or when it is desired to introduce more than one nitro group a suitably strong nitrating mixture has to employed and the reaction is carried out at higher temperature . Nitro benzene and m-dinitrobenzene can ...
Forward
... A negatively polarized atom or group attacks the positively polarized carbon of the carbonyl group in the rate-determining step of these reactions. Grignard reagents, organolithium reagents, lithium aluminum hydride, and sodium borohydride, for example, all react with carbonyl compounds by nucleophi ...
... A negatively polarized atom or group attacks the positively polarized carbon of the carbonyl group in the rate-determining step of these reactions. Grignard reagents, organolithium reagents, lithium aluminum hydride, and sodium borohydride, for example, all react with carbonyl compounds by nucleophi ...
alcohols03
... Alcohols and phenols have similar geometry to HOH. The R-O-H bond angle is approximately tetrahedral (109) and the ‘O’ atom is sp3 hybridized. Because of the presence of the hydroxyl group, alcohols (and phenols) have significantly higher boiling points than their constitutional (structural) is ...
... Alcohols and phenols have similar geometry to HOH. The R-O-H bond angle is approximately tetrahedral (109) and the ‘O’ atom is sp3 hybridized. Because of the presence of the hydroxyl group, alcohols (and phenols) have significantly higher boiling points than their constitutional (structural) is ...
CHEMICAL REACTIVITY AND MECHANISMS, AND SUBSTITUTION REACTIONS 1.
... Substrate: SN2 reactions are fastest for methyl substrates; rates are: CH3 > 1° > 2° >> 3° (this is a steric effect; larger groups interfere with the approaching nucleophile). SN1 reactions are faster for 3° substrates (because the more stable the carbocation, the faster the reaction; this means 3° ...
... Substrate: SN2 reactions are fastest for methyl substrates; rates are: CH3 > 1° > 2° >> 3° (this is a steric effect; larger groups interfere with the approaching nucleophile). SN1 reactions are faster for 3° substrates (because the more stable the carbocation, the faster the reaction; this means 3° ...
Photochemical Smog brownish haze, plant damage, eye irritation
... promoters – increase cell division (alcohol/liver cancer) mutagens - electrophiles – (react with e-rich DNA bases) mutagen metabolite (electrophile) ...
... promoters – increase cell division (alcohol/liver cancer) mutagens - electrophiles – (react with e-rich DNA bases) mutagen metabolite (electrophile) ...
Synthesis and Characterisation of N
... compounds containing low-valent main group elements. Recently, more work was put forth in the synthesis and study of molecules containing phosphorous in its +1 oxidation state (PI). One way of stabilizing the PI center is by using N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). Our group previously reported several ...
... compounds containing low-valent main group elements. Recently, more work was put forth in the synthesis and study of molecules containing phosphorous in its +1 oxidation state (PI). One way of stabilizing the PI center is by using N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). Our group previously reported several ...
Chapter 1 Organoaluminum Reagents for Selective Organic
... Chapter 3. Bulky Aluminum Reagents for Selective Organic Synthesis In chapter 2 we discussed several excellent methods of discriminating various functional groups using bulky aluminum reagents. In this section we focus on the reactions promoted with bulky aluminum reagents which could not be achiev ...
... Chapter 3. Bulky Aluminum Reagents for Selective Organic Synthesis In chapter 2 we discussed several excellent methods of discriminating various functional groups using bulky aluminum reagents. In this section we focus on the reactions promoted with bulky aluminum reagents which could not be achiev ...
Organocatalysed asymmetric Mannich reactions
... organocatalytic versions of the well-known Mannich reaction in particular.2 A key element in Mannich reactions is an iminium intermediate 2, which is susceptible to nucleophilic attack by a variety of nucleophiles such as enolised ketones (1) or equivalents thereof, resulting in carbon–carbon bond f ...
... organocatalytic versions of the well-known Mannich reaction in particular.2 A key element in Mannich reactions is an iminium intermediate 2, which is susceptible to nucleophilic attack by a variety of nucleophiles such as enolised ketones (1) or equivalents thereof, resulting in carbon–carbon bond f ...
Organic Chemistry
... The hydroxyl or alcohol functional group -OH The OH group is polar; hydrogen bonding makes alcohols more soluble in water than in hydrocarbons CH3OH methyl alcohol, methanol, “wood alcohol”. Impurity in moonshine; causes blindness CH3CH2OH ethyl alcohol, ethanol, “alcohol” Prepared by fermentation o ...
... The hydroxyl or alcohol functional group -OH The OH group is polar; hydrogen bonding makes alcohols more soluble in water than in hydrocarbons CH3OH methyl alcohol, methanol, “wood alcohol”. Impurity in moonshine; causes blindness CH3CH2OH ethyl alcohol, ethanol, “alcohol” Prepared by fermentation o ...
ENZYME MIMIC ASYMMETRIC ALDOL REACTIONS
... called antigens. The traditional immunization process has been limited to the use of inert antigens which generally bind non-covalently with antibodies. However, if chemically reactive antigens are used, a covalent bonding can occur between the antibody and the antigen during immunization. Thus, the ...
... called antigens. The traditional immunization process has been limited to the use of inert antigens which generally bind non-covalently with antibodies. However, if chemically reactive antigens are used, a covalent bonding can occur between the antibody and the antigen during immunization. Thus, the ...
Organic Chemistry
... The OH group does NOT make alcohols basic. In fact, phenol is weakly acidic. An important reaction is esterification the formation of esters when an alcohol reacts with an acid. See notes on carboxylic acids ...
... The OH group does NOT make alcohols basic. In fact, phenol is weakly acidic. An important reaction is esterification the formation of esters when an alcohol reacts with an acid. See notes on carboxylic acids ...
Alkene
In organic chemistry, an alkene is an unsaturated hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon–carbon double bond. Alkene, olefin, and olefine are used often interchangeably (see nomenclature section below). Acyclic alkenes, with only one double bond and no other functional groups, known as mono-enes, form a homologous series of hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n. Alkenes have two hydrogen atoms less than the corresponding alkane (with the same number of carbon atoms). The simplest alkene, ethylene (C2H4), which has the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) name ethene is the organic compound produced on the largest scale industrially. Aromatic compounds are often drawn as cyclic alkenes, but their structure and properties are different and they are not considered to be alkenes.