Ring Vaccination as a Control Strategy for Foot-and
... have close contacts to an infected farm are at a higher risk of becoming infected and hence should be protected. Ring vaccination consist of vaccinating in a ring with a certain radius around diseased counties. To capture this approach, we propose implementing a reactive responsive approach: reactiv ...
... have close contacts to an infected farm are at a higher risk of becoming infected and hence should be protected. Ring vaccination consist of vaccinating in a ring with a certain radius around diseased counties. To capture this approach, we propose implementing a reactive responsive approach: reactiv ...
The Spotty Book - Livewell South West
... The cleanliness of any environment is important to support infection prevention and control and ensures that the building/ unit can be used with confidence. Cleaning staff play an important role in improving the quality of the surroundings. A clean (free from dust, dirt and grease) and dry environme ...
... The cleanliness of any environment is important to support infection prevention and control and ensures that the building/ unit can be used with confidence. Cleaning staff play an important role in improving the quality of the surroundings. A clean (free from dust, dirt and grease) and dry environme ...
Imported chikungunya cases in an area newly
... be used by public health authorities against transmission of chikungunya virus in mainland France. The theoretical model we developed, which mimics the current surveillance system, predicted that without vector control (VC), the probability of local transmission after introduction of viraemic patien ...
... be used by public health authorities against transmission of chikungunya virus in mainland France. The theoretical model we developed, which mimics the current surveillance system, predicted that without vector control (VC), the probability of local transmission after introduction of viraemic patien ...
Equine viral arteritis: Current status and prevention
... extensive damage to the endothelium and the subjacent internal elastic lamina, and then gains access to the media of affected vessels. Vasculitis is characterized by marked fibrinoid necrosis of small muscular arteries, with extravasation of erythrocytes and proteinaceous material into the media, ad ...
... extensive damage to the endothelium and the subjacent internal elastic lamina, and then gains access to the media of affected vessels. Vasculitis is characterized by marked fibrinoid necrosis of small muscular arteries, with extravasation of erythrocytes and proteinaceous material into the media, ad ...
JOH R.University School of Medicine
... population; and it will do so whenever the virus has access (during the appropriate season) to such a susceptible population, unless the mechanism or spread is removed by artificial or special circumstances. Today, there are few communities no matter how small or remote, how sanitary, or how modern, ...
... population; and it will do so whenever the virus has access (during the appropriate season) to such a susceptible population, unless the mechanism or spread is removed by artificial or special circumstances. Today, there are few communities no matter how small or remote, how sanitary, or how modern, ...
Smallpox Infection Control
... droplet nuclei, though inhalation of airborne particles and direct contact with skin lesions or infected body fluids have also been shown to transmit disease. Typically, smallpox transmission requires close face-to-face contact with an infected patient. Historically, infectiousness in smallpox was c ...
... droplet nuclei, though inhalation of airborne particles and direct contact with skin lesions or infected body fluids have also been shown to transmit disease. Typically, smallpox transmission requires close face-to-face contact with an infected patient. Historically, infectiousness in smallpox was c ...
Hepatitis E virus as a newly identified cause of acute viral hepatitis
... virus (HEV) genome obtained from the patient whose case is reported herein together with HEV sequences: (i) from human cases diagnosed in the Timone Virology laboratory of Marseille; (ii) of previously determined genotypes and subtypes [7]; and (iii) from GenBank and corresponding to the ten highest ...
... virus (HEV) genome obtained from the patient whose case is reported herein together with HEV sequences: (i) from human cases diagnosed in the Timone Virology laboratory of Marseille; (ii) of previously determined genotypes and subtypes [7]; and (iii) from GenBank and corresponding to the ten highest ...
Guidelines for the Control of Infection and Communicable Disease
... Protection Unit and replaces any previous guidance from across the area. Effective prevention of infection is primarily achieved by education and awareness. This guidance has been designed to assist Head Teachers and Nursery Managers to respond in an appropriate and consistent manner to episodes of ...
... Protection Unit and replaces any previous guidance from across the area. Effective prevention of infection is primarily achieved by education and awareness. This guidance has been designed to assist Head Teachers and Nursery Managers to respond in an appropriate and consistent manner to episodes of ...
Inferring R0 in emerging epidemics—the effect of common
... basing infection control policies on estimates of R0 derived for the Ebola outbreak in West Africa in [4], for which, although we know that transmission is mainly due to close and intimate contact with bodily fluids, it is hard to obtain data on who regularly has such contact with whom. Therefore, t ...
... basing infection control policies on estimates of R0 derived for the Ebola outbreak in West Africa in [4], for which, although we know that transmission is mainly due to close and intimate contact with bodily fluids, it is hard to obtain data on who regularly has such contact with whom. Therefore, t ...
Alhatlani et al 2015 Virus Research
... current state of knowledge on the role of RNA structures at the 5 and 3 extremities of the calicivirus genomes and the role they play in the viral life cycle. The genomes of caliciviruses share a highly conserved overall structure (Fig. 1); typically ∼7.3–7.7 kb in length, polyadenylated at the 3 ...
... current state of knowledge on the role of RNA structures at the 5 and 3 extremities of the calicivirus genomes and the role they play in the viral life cycle. The genomes of caliciviruses share a highly conserved overall structure (Fig. 1); typically ∼7.3–7.7 kb in length, polyadenylated at the 3 ...
Protective Clothing For Avian Flu
... avian flu and who leading this effort? WHO (http://www.who.org), CDC (http://www.cdc.gov), OSHA (http://www.osha.gov) and FAO (http://www.fao.gov) have recommended farm and healthcare worker protection programs during avian flu activities. 4. Do Tyvek® and Tychem® fabrics protect from viruses? Tyve ...
... avian flu and who leading this effort? WHO (http://www.who.org), CDC (http://www.cdc.gov), OSHA (http://www.osha.gov) and FAO (http://www.fao.gov) have recommended farm and healthcare worker protection programs during avian flu activities. 4. Do Tyvek® and Tychem® fabrics protect from viruses? Tyve ...
Post-Infectious Fatigue
... symptoms can continue for several to over ten years, they may be diagnosed as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Chronic active EBV infection When it was found that some patients with severe persistent fatigue had high antibody titers to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), EBV was considered as one of the causes ...
... symptoms can continue for several to over ten years, they may be diagnosed as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). Chronic active EBV infection When it was found that some patients with severe persistent fatigue had high antibody titers to Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), EBV was considered as one of the causes ...
(Vulpes vulpes) to European bat lyssaviruses types-1 and
... – None of foxes challenged with high dose of EBLV-1 died – None of foxes challenged with EBLV-2 dead p.i (5/5). ...
... – None of foxes challenged with high dose of EBLV-1 died – None of foxes challenged with EBLV-2 dead p.i (5/5). ...
Outbreaks of influenza A in nursing homes in
... the 1989–1990 season in Michigan, USA, < 38 per cent of nursing homes reported an outbreak of influenza.5 We report on three outbreaks of influenza A among residents of nursing and residential homes in Sheffield during the 1997–1998 season, which was otherwise ‘very quiet’ for influenza. The Royal C ...
... the 1989–1990 season in Michigan, USA, < 38 per cent of nursing homes reported an outbreak of influenza.5 We report on three outbreaks of influenza A among residents of nursing and residential homes in Sheffield during the 1997–1998 season, which was otherwise ‘very quiet’ for influenza. The Royal C ...
Modelling the spread and connectivity of waterborne marine
... Butler et al., 2011; Kough et al., 2013) suggest that the international exchange of larvae is common so that populations around the Caribbean are linked through larval transport. Likewise, strains of PaV1 from disparate countries share phenotypes (Moss et al., 2013) and some post-larvae that arrive ...
... Butler et al., 2011; Kough et al., 2013) suggest that the international exchange of larvae is common so that populations around the Caribbean are linked through larval transport. Likewise, strains of PaV1 from disparate countries share phenotypes (Moss et al., 2013) and some post-larvae that arrive ...
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
... 11. Sosnovtsev, S. V., Belliot, G., Chang, K. O., Prikhodko, V. G., Thackray, L. B., Wobus, C. E., Karst, S. M., Virgin, H. W., Green, K. Y. (2006) Cleavage map and proteolytic processing of the murine norovirus nonstructural polyprotein in infected cells. Journal of Virology 80, 7816-31. 12. Daughe ...
... 11. Sosnovtsev, S. V., Belliot, G., Chang, K. O., Prikhodko, V. G., Thackray, L. B., Wobus, C. E., Karst, S. M., Virgin, H. W., Green, K. Y. (2006) Cleavage map and proteolytic processing of the murine norovirus nonstructural polyprotein in infected cells. Journal of Virology 80, 7816-31. 12. Daughe ...
Emerging zoonotic viruses: What characterizes them and what
... Viruses have also been shown to be significantly more probable to emerge than other taxonomic orders (Cleaveland et al., 2001; Taylor et al., 2001; Woolhouse et al., 2005a). Also, viruses are significantly overrepresented in the group of pathogens that were discovered after the 1980s, constituting a ...
... Viruses have also been shown to be significantly more probable to emerge than other taxonomic orders (Cleaveland et al., 2001; Taylor et al., 2001; Woolhouse et al., 2005a). Also, viruses are significantly overrepresented in the group of pathogens that were discovered after the 1980s, constituting a ...
Postexposure Prophylaxis, Isolation, and Quarantine
... other measures used by Iowa public health authorities to interrupt disease transmission in a vulnerable population. The effective uses of quarantine and isolation during the outbreak underscore the utility of these public health tools in halting communicable disease transmission. Immediately after b ...
... other measures used by Iowa public health authorities to interrupt disease transmission in a vulnerable population. The effective uses of quarantine and isolation during the outbreak underscore the utility of these public health tools in halting communicable disease transmission. Immediately after b ...
comparison of vero cell plaque assay
... protocol consists of an antigen-capture assay followed by a confirmatory inhibition assay. Specimens were called positive only if confirmed in the inhibition assay. The impact of variation in number of positives detected by the different tests on the data used by mosquito-based surveillance systems ...
... protocol consists of an antigen-capture assay followed by a confirmatory inhibition assay. Specimens were called positive only if confirmed in the inhibition assay. The impact of variation in number of positives detected by the different tests on the data used by mosquito-based surveillance systems ...
Hepatitis B Virus Infection — Natural History and
... the genome encodes the three viral surface antigens by differential initiation of translation at each of three in-frame initiation codons.15,16,19 The most abundant protein is the 24-kD S protein (which is known as HBsAg). Initiation at the most upstream start codon generates the M (or preS2) protei ...
... the genome encodes the three viral surface antigens by differential initiation of translation at each of three in-frame initiation codons.15,16,19 The most abundant protein is the 24-kD S protein (which is known as HBsAg). Initiation at the most upstream start codon generates the M (or preS2) protei ...
Amino Acid Changes in the HIV-1 gp41 Membrane Proximal Region
... that is located in the heptad region-2 (HR-2) at the base of gp41, proximal to the transmembrane domain. The MPER plays a critical role in membrane fusion during viral entry into the host cell (Montero et al., 2008). The high sequence diversity and glycan shield of HIV-1 Env limit the breadth of mos ...
... that is located in the heptad region-2 (HR-2) at the base of gp41, proximal to the transmembrane domain. The MPER plays a critical role in membrane fusion during viral entry into the host cell (Montero et al., 2008). The high sequence diversity and glycan shield of HIV-1 Env limit the breadth of mos ...
Virus in food and drinking water in Sweden
... In 2003, a total of 122 cases of HAV were reported in Sweden. However, there exists a potential hazard of HAV contaminated food in Sweden, which may lead to large outbreaks with severe health consequences. Norovirus normally causes illness lasting for few days whereas HAV causes illness for several ...
... In 2003, a total of 122 cases of HAV were reported in Sweden. However, there exists a potential hazard of HAV contaminated food in Sweden, which may lead to large outbreaks with severe health consequences. Norovirus normally causes illness lasting for few days whereas HAV causes illness for several ...
Diseases in insects
... particles are released (Figure 1H). Some virus diseases are characterised by abnormal development of certain parts of infected insects, for example deformed wings (Figure 1J) in the case of iflaviruses. Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens which need host cells to replicate. Viral genetic ma ...
... particles are released (Figure 1H). Some virus diseases are characterised by abnormal development of certain parts of infected insects, for example deformed wings (Figure 1J) in the case of iflaviruses. Viruses are obligate intracellular pathogens which need host cells to replicate. Viral genetic ma ...
Human Immunodeficiency Virus-1 subtypes: Could genetic diversity
... Classification of the viral strains into different subtypes is helpful to understand their differential geographical distribution. This also helps monitor the rapidity of viral spread in a community and the magnitude of genetic diversity generated within the population as a factor of time. More impo ...
... Classification of the viral strains into different subtypes is helpful to understand their differential geographical distribution. This also helps monitor the rapidity of viral spread in a community and the magnitude of genetic diversity generated within the population as a factor of time. More impo ...
Ebola virus disease
Ebola virus disease (EVD; also Ebola hemorrhagic fever, or EHF), or simply Ebola, is a disease of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. Then, vomiting, diarrhea and rash usually follow, along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys. At this time some people begin to bleed both internally and externally. The disease has a high risk of death, killing between 25 and 90 percent of those infected, with an average of about 50 percent. This is often due to low blood pressure from fluid loss, and typically follows six to sixteen days after symptoms appear.The virus spreads by direct contact with body fluids, such as blood, of an infected human or other animals. This may also occur through contact with an item recently contaminated with bodily fluids. Spread of the disease through the air between primates, including humans, has not been documented in either laboratory or natural conditions. Semen or breast milk of a person after recovery from EVD may still carry the virus for several weeks to months. Fruit bats are believed to be the normal carrier in nature, able to spread the virus without being affected by it. Other diseases such as malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, meningitis and other viral hemorrhagic fevers may resemble EVD. Blood samples are tested for viral RNA, viral antibodies or for the virus itself to confirm the diagnosis.Control of outbreaks requires coordinated medical services, alongside a certain level of community engagement. The medical services include rapid detection of cases of disease, contact tracing of those who have come into contact with infected individuals, quick access to laboratory services, proper healthcare for those who are infected, and proper disposal of the dead through cremation or burial. Samples of body fluids and tissues from people with the disease should be handled with special caution. Prevention includes limiting the spread of disease from infected animals to humans. This may be done by handling potentially infected bush meat only while wearing protective clothing and by thoroughly cooking it before eating it. It also includes wearing proper protective clothing and washing hands when around a person with the disease. No specific treatment or vaccine for the virus is available, although a number of potential treatments are being studied. Supportive efforts, however, improve outcomes. This includes either oral rehydration therapy (drinking slightly sweetened and salty water) or giving intravenous fluids as well as treating symptoms.The disease was first identified in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreaks, one in Nzara, and the other in Yambuku, a village near the Ebola River from which the disease takes its name. EVD outbreaks occur intermittently in tropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Between 1976 and 2013, the World Health Organization reports a total of 24 outbreaks involving 1,716 cases. The largest outbreak is the ongoing epidemic in West Africa, still affecting Guinea and Sierra Leone. {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|casesasof}}, this outbreak has {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|cases}} reported cases resulting in {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|deaths}} deaths.{{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|caserefs}}