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Avian infectious bronchitis virus
... caused by IBV (14, 4 8 , 7 9 ) . In broiler chicks of between two and six weeks of age, the main clinical signs seen are difficulty in breathing, tracheal rales, coughing and sneezing with or without nasal discharge. A generalised weakness is observed, accompanied by depression. Feed consumption and ...
... caused by IBV (14, 4 8 , 7 9 ) . In broiler chicks of between two and six weeks of age, the main clinical signs seen are difficulty in breathing, tracheal rales, coughing and sneezing with or without nasal discharge. A generalised weakness is observed, accompanied by depression. Feed consumption and ...
Transmission of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus during the
... combat disease outbreaks in FMD-free countries often result in depopulation and destruction of large numbers of infected and susceptible animals (5–7). Large regions of the world, including Europe, Australia, North America, and parts of South America, are kept free of FMD by means of strict regulati ...
... combat disease outbreaks in FMD-free countries often result in depopulation and destruction of large numbers of infected and susceptible animals (5–7). Large regions of the world, including Europe, Australia, North America, and parts of South America, are kept free of FMD by means of strict regulati ...
Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT): Know the Symptoms
... Symptoms and What to Do if Your Flock is Affected Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute respiratory disease of chickens and occasionally, pheasants and peafowl, which often leads to severe losses in the poultry industry as well as backyard flocks. ILT is caused by a herpes virus that usuall ...
... Symptoms and What to Do if Your Flock is Affected Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) is an acute respiratory disease of chickens and occasionally, pheasants and peafowl, which often leads to severe losses in the poultry industry as well as backyard flocks. ILT is caused by a herpes virus that usuall ...
Detection of Respiratory Syncytial Virus in Hospitalized Children
... In our survey, there was a slightly higher incidence of RSV infection in males (1.3:1). This result was consistent with other studies. Sangar et al. suggested that being female was protective against RSV hospitalization (25, 26). In this study all of the children that were tested positive for RSV ha ...
... In our survey, there was a slightly higher incidence of RSV infection in males (1.3:1). This result was consistent with other studies. Sangar et al. suggested that being female was protective against RSV hospitalization (25, 26). In this study all of the children that were tested positive for RSV ha ...
Defining the Risk of Zika and Chikungunya Virus Transmission in
... In recent years the introduction of Aedes-transmitted chikungunya and Zika arboviruses to the Western Hemisphere has raised important questions regarding the role that Ae. albopictus might play in arboviral transmission, especially in temperate regions where Ae. aegypti is rare but Ae. albopictus is ...
... In recent years the introduction of Aedes-transmitted chikungunya and Zika arboviruses to the Western Hemisphere has raised important questions regarding the role that Ae. albopictus might play in arboviral transmission, especially in temperate regions where Ae. aegypti is rare but Ae. albopictus is ...
In search of hidden Q-fever outbreaks: linking syndromic
... acute Q fever presents primarily with atypical pneumonia or hepatitis. The infection poses an increased risk for pregnant women and persons with heart-valve disorders or impaired immunity, who may develop chronic disease with endocarditis as its most frequent chronic clinical manifestation. Q fever ...
... acute Q fever presents primarily with atypical pneumonia or hepatitis. The infection poses an increased risk for pregnant women and persons with heart-valve disorders or impaired immunity, who may develop chronic disease with endocarditis as its most frequent chronic clinical manifestation. Q fever ...
Modeling Potential Responses to Smallpox as a Bioterrorist Weapon Research
... on day 19. Allowing up to 3 days for the prodromal period (Figure 2) leaves an average of 16 days in the overtly symptomatic period in which a patient can infect others. Although scabs may contain infectious amounts of smallpox virus after the patient has fully recovered, we assumed that after scabb ...
... on day 19. Allowing up to 3 days for the prodromal period (Figure 2) leaves an average of 16 days in the overtly symptomatic period in which a patient can infect others. Although scabs may contain infectious amounts of smallpox virus after the patient has fully recovered, we assumed that after scabb ...
Tick-borne encephalitis transmitted by unpasteurised cow milk in
... of case-status is therefore very likely to have occurred. If we assumed that the number of infected cases would be three times the number of symptomatic cases, and re-calculated RRs according to this assumption, the point estimates would not change but RRs for consuming raw milk would reach statisti ...
... of case-status is therefore very likely to have occurred. If we assumed that the number of infected cases would be three times the number of symptomatic cases, and re-calculated RRs according to this assumption, the point estimates would not change but RRs for consuming raw milk would reach statisti ...
Bat ID Program final - Rocky Mountain Virology Club
... Retroviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Togaviridae, as well as viruses that have not been placed in a taxon. Many of these viruses were first recognized after they were associated with human or livestock illnesses and deaths but most were isolated or detected coincidental to general virus surveys or durin ...
... Retroviridae, Rhabdoviridae, and Togaviridae, as well as viruses that have not been placed in a taxon. Many of these viruses were first recognized after they were associated with human or livestock illnesses and deaths but most were isolated or detected coincidental to general virus surveys or durin ...
Human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 have different
... because, unlike most HIV-1 X4 viruses, it can use CXCR4 on MDMs (Simmons et al., 1998). Fig. 1 shows that the results for HIV-1 were as expected: SF162, 2076 and 2044 were almost as efficient at infection of MDMs as of PBMCs. SL2 and 2028 were less efficient at MDM infection. In contrast, none of th ...
... because, unlike most HIV-1 X4 viruses, it can use CXCR4 on MDMs (Simmons et al., 1998). Fig. 1 shows that the results for HIV-1 were as expected: SF162, 2076 and 2044 were almost as efficient at infection of MDMs as of PBMCs. SL2 and 2028 were less efficient at MDM infection. In contrast, none of th ...
Full Text - Harvard University
... proliferation. Many of the simple retroviruses cause disease in this manner, leading to tumor formation or what are termed “slow” leukemias [for examples, see (47, 63)]. In addition, some retroviruses may encode genes that cause rapid tumor formation, which they have picked up via recombination even ...
... proliferation. Many of the simple retroviruses cause disease in this manner, leading to tumor formation or what are termed “slow” leukemias [for examples, see (47, 63)]. In addition, some retroviruses may encode genes that cause rapid tumor formation, which they have picked up via recombination even ...
Tenacity of mammalian viruses in the gut of leeches fed with porcine
... Leech therapy is currently considered to be of high therapeutic value in medicine. However, feeding leeches with fresh animal blood during the maintenance and reproduction phase bears the risk of transmission of zoonotic viruses to the patient. We hypothesize that this would be abolished by subjecti ...
... Leech therapy is currently considered to be of high therapeutic value in medicine. However, feeding leeches with fresh animal blood during the maintenance and reproduction phase bears the risk of transmission of zoonotic viruses to the patient. We hypothesize that this would be abolished by subjecti ...
Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections
... The clinical manifestations vary depending on age, health status, and whether the infection is primary or reinfection. When the RSV frequency in the first weeks after birth is compared with the second month, it is clearly low (in the rate of 1/3) (18). The low level in the RSV frequency in neonetes ...
... The clinical manifestations vary depending on age, health status, and whether the infection is primary or reinfection. When the RSV frequency in the first weeks after birth is compared with the second month, it is clearly low (in the rate of 1/3) (18). The low level in the RSV frequency in neonetes ...
Murine Cytomegalovirus Particle Types in Relation to Sources of
... but with a broader base. The infectivity and distribution of the various types of particles were as shown in Table 1. The fraction with peak infectivity consisted of mostly multicapsid enveloped particles. Less dense fractions contained smaller multicapsids with small numbers of naked capsids. These ...
... but with a broader base. The infectivity and distribution of the various types of particles were as shown in Table 1. The fraction with peak infectivity consisted of mostly multicapsid enveloped particles. Less dense fractions contained smaller multicapsids with small numbers of naked capsids. These ...
New molecular virus detection methods and their clinical value in
... Respiratory viruses are usually identified in samples from the upper respiratory tract. All nasopharyngeal sample types, including nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA), washes, swabs or brush samples, appear to allow for equally sensitive PCR analysis.32–34 What has been considered, however, is to what ext ...
... Respiratory viruses are usually identified in samples from the upper respiratory tract. All nasopharyngeal sample types, including nasopharyngeal aspirates (NPA), washes, swabs or brush samples, appear to allow for equally sensitive PCR analysis.32–34 What has been considered, however, is to what ext ...
Vol. 15 | Weekly issue 24 | 17 June 2010
... to supermarket A distribution platforms in the first two weeks of March, the relatively short turnover times at these platforms and at the supermarkets, and given that the last documented purchase from an epidemic case was made on 11 May (corresponding to a production date of 11 April at the latest) ...
... to supermarket A distribution platforms in the first two weeks of March, the relatively short turnover times at these platforms and at the supermarkets, and given that the last documented purchase from an epidemic case was made on 11 May (corresponding to a production date of 11 April at the latest) ...
Epidemiologic, Virologic, and Host Genetic Factors of Norovirus
... outbreaks provide a unique opportunity to better characterize the viral and host characteristics of norovirus disease. Methods. We enrolled 43 LTCFs prospectively to study the epidemiology, virology, and genetic host factors of naturally occurring norovirus outbreaks. Acute and convalescent stool, s ...
... outbreaks provide a unique opportunity to better characterize the viral and host characteristics of norovirus disease. Methods. We enrolled 43 LTCFs prospectively to study the epidemiology, virology, and genetic host factors of naturally occurring norovirus outbreaks. Acute and convalescent stool, s ...
Viral Hepatitis Faculty Viral Hepatitis Defining Viral Hepatitis
... – Person to person by close personal contact (oral-anal sex) – Most persons recover and develop protective antibodies – Rarely fatal ...
... – Person to person by close personal contact (oral-anal sex) – Most persons recover and develop protective antibodies – Rarely fatal ...
genital herpes - Minnesota Department of Health
... called herpes simplex. The condition has been recognized for many centuries. Over 50 million Americans (1 in 5 adults) have been infected, although some do not develop any symptoms. There are several types of herpes simplex virus. Type 2 most often causes genital sores, but type 1 (the type that mos ...
... called herpes simplex. The condition has been recognized for many centuries. Over 50 million Americans (1 in 5 adults) have been infected, although some do not develop any symptoms. There are several types of herpes simplex virus. Type 2 most often causes genital sores, but type 1 (the type that mos ...
Genital herpes - Minnesota Department of Health
... called herpes simplex. The condition has been recognized for many centuries. Over 50 million Americans (1 in 5 adults) have been infected, although some do not develop any symptoms. There are several types of herpes simplex virus. Type 2 most often causes genital sores, but type 1 (the type that mos ...
... called herpes simplex. The condition has been recognized for many centuries. Over 50 million Americans (1 in 5 adults) have been infected, although some do not develop any symptoms. There are several types of herpes simplex virus. Type 2 most often causes genital sores, but type 1 (the type that mos ...
Herpes simplex and varicella-zoster virus infections during pregnancy
... particular, gingivostomatitis and vulvovaginitis herpetica tend towards dissemination. As a result, women can develop disseminated skin lesions associated with visceral involvement such as hepatitis, encephalitis, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia and coagulopathy [45]. Although disseminated HSV infectio ...
... particular, gingivostomatitis and vulvovaginitis herpetica tend towards dissemination. As a result, women can develop disseminated skin lesions associated with visceral involvement such as hepatitis, encephalitis, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia and coagulopathy [45]. Although disseminated HSV infectio ...
Pathogenesis of liver involvement during dengue viral infections
... and cellular infiltrates at the portal tract (Bhamarapravati, 1989; Burke, 1968). Most reports are based on small numbers of samples obtained from fatal cases. The presence of thrombocytopenia and coagulative dysfunction makes it difficult to obtain samples from others. As such, one is unsure of the d ...
... and cellular infiltrates at the portal tract (Bhamarapravati, 1989; Burke, 1968). Most reports are based on small numbers of samples obtained from fatal cases. The presence of thrombocytopenia and coagulative dysfunction makes it difficult to obtain samples from others. As such, one is unsure of the d ...
Managing Outbreaks of Gastroenteritis in Residential
... In residential care facilities, viral gastroenteritis is the leading cause of gastrointestinal illness spread from person to person and Norovirus is the most common viral agent identified. Residential care facilities are at high risk of having viral gastroenteritis outbreaks because of the many peop ...
... In residential care facilities, viral gastroenteritis is the leading cause of gastrointestinal illness spread from person to person and Norovirus is the most common viral agent identified. Residential care facilities are at high risk of having viral gastroenteritis outbreaks because of the many peop ...
Packaging and Shipping - Minnesota Department of Health
... The regulations divide infectious substances into two categories – A (infectious), and B (diagnostic). When clinical specimens are being shipped for the diagnosis and treatment of a patient and are not known to contain a Category A organism, they may be treated as diagnostic and shipped under IATA p ...
... The regulations divide infectious substances into two categories – A (infectious), and B (diagnostic). When clinical specimens are being shipped for the diagnosis and treatment of a patient and are not known to contain a Category A organism, they may be treated as diagnostic and shipped under IATA p ...
Smallpox as a Biological Weapon
... mouth and pharynx ulcerate quickly because of the absence of a stratum corneum, releasing large amounts of virus into the saliva.22 Virus titers in saliva are highest during the first week of illness, corresponding with the period during which patients are most infectious. Although the virus in some ...
... mouth and pharynx ulcerate quickly because of the absence of a stratum corneum, releasing large amounts of virus into the saliva.22 Virus titers in saliva are highest during the first week of illness, corresponding with the period during which patients are most infectious. Although the virus in some ...
Ebola virus disease
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/7042_lores-Ebola-Zaire-CDC_Photo.jpg?width=300)
Ebola virus disease (EVD; also Ebola hemorrhagic fever, or EHF), or simply Ebola, is a disease of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. Then, vomiting, diarrhea and rash usually follow, along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys. At this time some people begin to bleed both internally and externally. The disease has a high risk of death, killing between 25 and 90 percent of those infected, with an average of about 50 percent. This is often due to low blood pressure from fluid loss, and typically follows six to sixteen days after symptoms appear.The virus spreads by direct contact with body fluids, such as blood, of an infected human or other animals. This may also occur through contact with an item recently contaminated with bodily fluids. Spread of the disease through the air between primates, including humans, has not been documented in either laboratory or natural conditions. Semen or breast milk of a person after recovery from EVD may still carry the virus for several weeks to months. Fruit bats are believed to be the normal carrier in nature, able to spread the virus without being affected by it. Other diseases such as malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, meningitis and other viral hemorrhagic fevers may resemble EVD. Blood samples are tested for viral RNA, viral antibodies or for the virus itself to confirm the diagnosis.Control of outbreaks requires coordinated medical services, alongside a certain level of community engagement. The medical services include rapid detection of cases of disease, contact tracing of those who have come into contact with infected individuals, quick access to laboratory services, proper healthcare for those who are infected, and proper disposal of the dead through cremation or burial. Samples of body fluids and tissues from people with the disease should be handled with special caution. Prevention includes limiting the spread of disease from infected animals to humans. This may be done by handling potentially infected bush meat only while wearing protective clothing and by thoroughly cooking it before eating it. It also includes wearing proper protective clothing and washing hands when around a person with the disease. No specific treatment or vaccine for the virus is available, although a number of potential treatments are being studied. Supportive efforts, however, improve outcomes. This includes either oral rehydration therapy (drinking slightly sweetened and salty water) or giving intravenous fluids as well as treating symptoms.The disease was first identified in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreaks, one in Nzara, and the other in Yambuku, a village near the Ebola River from which the disease takes its name. EVD outbreaks occur intermittently in tropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Between 1976 and 2013, the World Health Organization reports a total of 24 outbreaks involving 1,716 cases. The largest outbreak is the ongoing epidemic in West Africa, still affecting Guinea and Sierra Leone. {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|casesasof}}, this outbreak has {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|cases}} reported cases resulting in {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|deaths}} deaths.{{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|caserefs}}