Cucumber mosaic virus satellite RNAs that induce similar symptoms
... symptoms in other host plant species (Roossinck et al., 1992; Garcı́a-Arenal & Palukaitis, 1999). Much attention has been directed at understanding the mechanisms by which some satRNA genotypes induce a systemic necrosis in tomato plants, but not in other host species (Taliansky et al., 1998; Xu & R ...
... symptoms in other host plant species (Roossinck et al., 1992; Garcı́a-Arenal & Palukaitis, 1999). Much attention has been directed at understanding the mechanisms by which some satRNA genotypes induce a systemic necrosis in tomato plants, but not in other host species (Taliansky et al., 1998; Xu & R ...
Varicella-Zoster - Delaware General Health District
... lesions (rash) or comes in contact with clothing or linens that have been soiled with discharges from the infected person’s skin lesions or respiratory tract (nose, mouth, lungs). When the rash of chickenpox scabs over, the scabs are not considered infectious. What are the symptoms of chickenpox? Th ...
... lesions (rash) or comes in contact with clothing or linens that have been soiled with discharges from the infected person’s skin lesions or respiratory tract (nose, mouth, lungs). When the rash of chickenpox scabs over, the scabs are not considered infectious. What are the symptoms of chickenpox? Th ...
Why Was the 1918 Influenza So Deadly?
... There were several influenza epidemics in 1918 that appeared in “waves” at the end of World War I (Mamelund, 2004, as cited in Moxnes & Christophersen, 2008). The first springtime epidemic (March–April 1918) spread rapidly and infected many people around the world, but caused relatively mild symptom ...
... There were several influenza epidemics in 1918 that appeared in “waves” at the end of World War I (Mamelund, 2004, as cited in Moxnes & Christophersen, 2008). The first springtime epidemic (March–April 1918) spread rapidly and infected many people around the world, but caused relatively mild symptom ...
Mumps in Yakima County 12-13-16
... Mode of transmission: mumps transmission occurs through respiratory droplets or through direct contact with nasopharyngeal secretions. Incubation period: 12-25 days (typically 16-18 days). Infectious period: mumps virus has been found in respiratory secretions as early as 7 days before the start of ...
... Mode of transmission: mumps transmission occurs through respiratory droplets or through direct contact with nasopharyngeal secretions. Incubation period: 12-25 days (typically 16-18 days). Infectious period: mumps virus has been found in respiratory secretions as early as 7 days before the start of ...
captivity and vulnerability to mosquito-transmitted viruses
... via mosquitoes of the genus Culex, where the virus can then be further dispersed to mammals, including humans (23). Among humans, those most likely to die from WNV exposure are immunocompromised or otherwise unhealthy (5). Like WNV, SLEV is perpetuated through a mosquito-bird-mosquito cycle and can ...
... via mosquitoes of the genus Culex, where the virus can then be further dispersed to mammals, including humans (23). Among humans, those most likely to die from WNV exposure are immunocompromised or otherwise unhealthy (5). Like WNV, SLEV is perpetuated through a mosquito-bird-mosquito cycle and can ...
Captive orcas are particularly susceptible to these mosquito-borne diseases
... via mosquitoes of the genus Culex, where the virus can then be further dispersed to mammals, including humans (23). Among humans, those most likely to die from WNV exposure are immunocompromised or otherwise unhealthy (5). Like WNV, SLEV is perpetuated through a mosquito-bird-mosquito cycle and can ...
... via mosquitoes of the genus Culex, where the virus can then be further dispersed to mammals, including humans (23). Among humans, those most likely to die from WNV exposure are immunocompromised or otherwise unhealthy (5). Like WNV, SLEV is perpetuated through a mosquito-bird-mosquito cycle and can ...
RNA viruses in the sea - Associação Brasileira de Medicina
... conditions and nonregulated movement of animals can increase the risk and incidence of viral disease outbreaks. Molecular biology and genomic methods are rapidly advancing the study of host and pathogen genomes and the molecular mechanisms involved in host–pathogen interactions in marine fish and sh ...
... conditions and nonregulated movement of animals can increase the risk and incidence of viral disease outbreaks. Molecular biology and genomic methods are rapidly advancing the study of host and pathogen genomes and the molecular mechanisms involved in host–pathogen interactions in marine fish and sh ...
Primates import risk analysis - Ministry for Primary Industries
... to spend their lives in a containment facility. Being kept in such a controlled environment eliminates the likelihood of their coming into contact with other animals and with humans other than their handlers. Zoo staff working with primates are all suitably trained in their handling. Quarantine: A p ...
... to spend their lives in a containment facility. Being kept in such a controlled environment eliminates the likelihood of their coming into contact with other animals and with humans other than their handlers. Zoo staff working with primates are all suitably trained in their handling. Quarantine: A p ...
RNA viruses in the sea - SOEST
... Despite uncertainties about their abundance, RNA viruses are diverse and ecologically important. RNA viruses of every major classification (single- and double-stranded, positiveand negative-sense), and which infect a diverse range of host species, have been isolated from the sea (Table 1). Diseases ...
... Despite uncertainties about their abundance, RNA viruses are diverse and ecologically important. RNA viruses of every major classification (single- and double-stranded, positiveand negative-sense), and which infect a diverse range of host species, have been isolated from the sea (Table 1). Diseases ...
HEPATITIS - Union Safe
... Vaccination is an effective method of preventing a non-immune person from contracting the infection. This method of protection should be offered by employers for workers in occupations where there is a risk of exposure to human blood or other body fluids and tissues. Vaccination requires three injec ...
... Vaccination is an effective method of preventing a non-immune person from contracting the infection. This method of protection should be offered by employers for workers in occupations where there is a risk of exposure to human blood or other body fluids and tissues. Vaccination requires three injec ...
Poultry resources. - Veterinary Extension
... 1. Outbreak of Human Salmonella Typhimurium Infections Linked to Contact With Baby Poultry From a Single Agricultural Feed Store Chain and Mail-order Hatchery, 2009 iii. Zoonoses and Public Health 2012; A. Loharikar et al. 1. Four Multistate Outbreaks of Human Salmonella Infections Associated with L ...
... 1. Outbreak of Human Salmonella Typhimurium Infections Linked to Contact With Baby Poultry From a Single Agricultural Feed Store Chain and Mail-order Hatchery, 2009 iii. Zoonoses and Public Health 2012; A. Loharikar et al. 1. Four Multistate Outbreaks of Human Salmonella Infections Associated with L ...
1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics
... and winter of 1918–1919, respectively (Figure 1). Is it possible that a poorly-adapted H1N1 virus was already beginning to spread in 1915, causing some serious illnesses but not yet sufficiently fit to initiate a pandemic? Data consistent with this possibility were reported at the time from European ...
... and winter of 1918–1919, respectively (Figure 1). Is it possible that a poorly-adapted H1N1 virus was already beginning to spread in 1915, causing some serious illnesses but not yet sufficiently fit to initiate a pandemic? Data consistent with this possibility were reported at the time from European ...
HIV Superinfection - Division of Infectious Diseases
... high viral replication rate [29, 33]. Additional genetic diversity is introduced as a result of recombination that may take place during HIV replication [34]. HIV is ...
... high viral replication rate [29, 33]. Additional genetic diversity is introduced as a result of recombination that may take place during HIV replication [34]. HIV is ...
replication, transmission, and protection of live
... The shorter gC of ILTV lacks the heparin binding domain found in other alphaherpesviruses. Therefore, it appears that ILTV does not use heparan sulfate as its primary host cell receptor (82). The host cell receptor for ILTV is yet to be discovered. After fusion of the viral particle to the cell memb ...
... The shorter gC of ILTV lacks the heparin binding domain found in other alphaherpesviruses. Therefore, it appears that ILTV does not use heparan sulfate as its primary host cell receptor (82). The host cell receptor for ILTV is yet to be discovered. After fusion of the viral particle to the cell memb ...
Spread and Control of Rift Valley Fever virus after accidental
... possible introduction of new vector species which may persist in the new area due to climate changes, we studied the transmission possibilities of RVFV after accidental introduction in the Netherlands. For this purpose, a mathematical model was developed to study (1) the probability of a RVF outbrea ...
... possible introduction of new vector species which may persist in the new area due to climate changes, we studied the transmission possibilities of RVFV after accidental introduction in the Netherlands. For this purpose, a mathematical model was developed to study (1) the probability of a RVF outbrea ...
Classical swine fever virus replicon particles: A versatile and robust
... based on live attenuated viruses that were obtained by using related viruses from other host species [2]. In the vaccinee as a non-natural host, these vaccine viruses typically induce a protective immunity but no disease. A famous example is the small pox vaccine [2, 4]. Alternatively, live attenuat ...
... based on live attenuated viruses that were obtained by using related viruses from other host species [2]. In the vaccinee as a non-natural host, these vaccine viruses typically induce a protective immunity but no disease. A famous example is the small pox vaccine [2, 4]. Alternatively, live attenuat ...
Measles info sheet 29062016
... If it is less than 3 days since you came into contact with a person with measles, immunisation can prevent you becoming infected. If it is more than 3 days and less than 7 days since you came into contact with a person infected with measles, an injection called immunoglobulin can protect you. Immuno ...
... If it is less than 3 days since you came into contact with a person with measles, immunisation can prevent you becoming infected. If it is more than 3 days and less than 7 days since you came into contact with a person infected with measles, an injection called immunoglobulin can protect you. Immuno ...
Information for Clinicians - Zika Communication Network
... During first two weeks after the start of illness, Zika virus infection can often be diagnosed by performing real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRTPCR) on serum and urine. Serology for IgM and neutralizing antibodies in serum collected up to 12 weeks after illness onset. ...
... During first two weeks after the start of illness, Zika virus infection can often be diagnosed by performing real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rRTPCR) on serum and urine. Serology for IgM and neutralizing antibodies in serum collected up to 12 weeks after illness onset. ...
as Adobe PDF - Edinburgh Research Explorer
... (2.5% of all acute hepatitis samples tested). Six were infected with HAV, 11 with HBV and 17 with HCV. However, the majority of patients (n = 48, 59%), were shown to be infected with HEV. The number of cases of HEV infection has increased in recent years, with 13 diagnosed in 2012, 20 in 2013 and 15 ...
... (2.5% of all acute hepatitis samples tested). Six were infected with HAV, 11 with HBV and 17 with HCV. However, the majority of patients (n = 48, 59%), were shown to be infected with HEV. The number of cases of HEV infection has increased in recent years, with 13 diagnosed in 2012, 20 in 2013 and 15 ...
Influenza is an acute disease characterized by cough, coryza, fever
... measures. Fortunately, no widespread community transmission took place. By contrast, because influenza spreads more rapidly between people and can be transmitted by those who are infected but do not yet have symptoms, the spread of pandemic influenza to multiple countries is expected to lead to the ...
... measures. Fortunately, no widespread community transmission took place. By contrast, because influenza spreads more rapidly between people and can be transmitted by those who are infected but do not yet have symptoms, the spread of pandemic influenza to multiple countries is expected to lead to the ...
Rainfall and outbreaks of drinking water related disease and in
... against a list of available rainfall stations for the United ...
... against a list of available rainfall stations for the United ...
Mother-to-child Transmission of Human T-cell
... result from the predominance of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Unlike HIV, which may be transmitted by free virions or via infected cells, the transmission of HTLV-1 is only cell-associated. As a result HTLV-1 is less contagious than HIV, requiring more intimate and prolonged contact for tran ...
... result from the predominance of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT). Unlike HIV, which may be transmitted by free virions or via infected cells, the transmission of HTLV-1 is only cell-associated. As a result HTLV-1 is less contagious than HIV, requiring more intimate and prolonged contact for tran ...
Preventing hospitalizations for respiratory syncytial virus infection
... children with CHD or CLD compared with healthy term infants. A common recommendation has been to offer palivizumab to children up to 24 months of age at the start of RSV season when they have hemodynamically significant CHD or are still receiving therapy for CLD. A 24-month cut-off applies simply be ...
... children with CHD or CLD compared with healthy term infants. A common recommendation has been to offer palivizumab to children up to 24 months of age at the start of RSV season when they have hemodynamically significant CHD or are still receiving therapy for CLD. A 24-month cut-off applies simply be ...
Import Risk Analysis Imported Seropositive Animals
... an animal which is serologically positive is likely to be harbouring the particular disease agent. Other matters which may also be considered include whether the seropositive animal is likely to be shedding the agent, and whether the introduction of the agent in an imported animal can be expected to ...
... an animal which is serologically positive is likely to be harbouring the particular disease agent. Other matters which may also be considered include whether the seropositive animal is likely to be shedding the agent, and whether the introduction of the agent in an imported animal can be expected to ...
PHS 398 (Rev. 11/07), Biographical Sketch Format Page
... Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 1: A regulatory circuit. J Virol, 77:9359-9368, 2003. 14. Shackelford, J., C. Maier, Pagano, J.S. Epstein-Barr virus activates -catenin in type III latently infected B-lymphocyte lines: involvement of deubiquitination, Proc Nat Acad Sci U.S.A., 26:15572-15 ...
... Epstein-Barr Virus Latent Membrane Protein 1: A regulatory circuit. J Virol, 77:9359-9368, 2003. 14. Shackelford, J., C. Maier, Pagano, J.S. Epstein-Barr virus activates -catenin in type III latently infected B-lymphocyte lines: involvement of deubiquitination, Proc Nat Acad Sci U.S.A., 26:15572-15 ...
Ebola virus disease
Ebola virus disease (EVD; also Ebola hemorrhagic fever, or EHF), or simply Ebola, is a disease of humans and other primates caused by ebolaviruses. Signs and symptoms typically start between two days and three weeks after contracting the virus with a fever, sore throat, muscular pain, and headaches. Then, vomiting, diarrhea and rash usually follow, along with decreased function of the liver and kidneys. At this time some people begin to bleed both internally and externally. The disease has a high risk of death, killing between 25 and 90 percent of those infected, with an average of about 50 percent. This is often due to low blood pressure from fluid loss, and typically follows six to sixteen days after symptoms appear.The virus spreads by direct contact with body fluids, such as blood, of an infected human or other animals. This may also occur through contact with an item recently contaminated with bodily fluids. Spread of the disease through the air between primates, including humans, has not been documented in either laboratory or natural conditions. Semen or breast milk of a person after recovery from EVD may still carry the virus for several weeks to months. Fruit bats are believed to be the normal carrier in nature, able to spread the virus without being affected by it. Other diseases such as malaria, cholera, typhoid fever, meningitis and other viral hemorrhagic fevers may resemble EVD. Blood samples are tested for viral RNA, viral antibodies or for the virus itself to confirm the diagnosis.Control of outbreaks requires coordinated medical services, alongside a certain level of community engagement. The medical services include rapid detection of cases of disease, contact tracing of those who have come into contact with infected individuals, quick access to laboratory services, proper healthcare for those who are infected, and proper disposal of the dead through cremation or burial. Samples of body fluids and tissues from people with the disease should be handled with special caution. Prevention includes limiting the spread of disease from infected animals to humans. This may be done by handling potentially infected bush meat only while wearing protective clothing and by thoroughly cooking it before eating it. It also includes wearing proper protective clothing and washing hands when around a person with the disease. No specific treatment or vaccine for the virus is available, although a number of potential treatments are being studied. Supportive efforts, however, improve outcomes. This includes either oral rehydration therapy (drinking slightly sweetened and salty water) or giving intravenous fluids as well as treating symptoms.The disease was first identified in 1976 in two simultaneous outbreaks, one in Nzara, and the other in Yambuku, a village near the Ebola River from which the disease takes its name. EVD outbreaks occur intermittently in tropical regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Between 1976 and 2013, the World Health Organization reports a total of 24 outbreaks involving 1,716 cases. The largest outbreak is the ongoing epidemic in West Africa, still affecting Guinea and Sierra Leone. {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|casesasof}}, this outbreak has {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|cases}} reported cases resulting in {{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|deaths}} deaths.{{#section:Ebola virus epidemic in West Africa|caserefs}}