An investigation of brain processes supporting meditation
... 98). In this sense, the state Patanjali describes as ‘‘concentration’’ does not differ from the state that Lutz et al. (2008, p. 164) refers to as ‘‘the ‘effortless’ sustaining of an awareness without explicit selection’’, and in both cases this is synonymous with ‘‘meditation’’. It may thus be argu ...
... 98). In this sense, the state Patanjali describes as ‘‘concentration’’ does not differ from the state that Lutz et al. (2008, p. 164) refers to as ‘‘the ‘effortless’ sustaining of an awareness without explicit selection’’, and in both cases this is synonymous with ‘‘meditation’’. It may thus be argu ...
ABSTRACT The Auditory Brainstem Response: History and Future
... cochleotopic, maintaining the basic organization of the cochlea. It is split into three major divisions: anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN), and dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) (Biacabe et al., 2001). Fibers leave the cochlear nucleus through one of three aco ...
... cochleotopic, maintaining the basic organization of the cochlea. It is split into three major divisions: anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN), posteroventral cochlear nucleus (PVCN), and dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) (Biacabe et al., 2001). Fibers leave the cochlear nucleus through one of three aco ...
this article - Zald Affective Neuroscience Lab | Vanderbilt University
... first presented the highly influential dopamine deficiency hypothesis of anhedonia, he argued that dopamine (DA) critically mediated an organism’s experience of pleasure, or “yumminess”, in response to rewarding stimuli (Wise, 1980). Consequently, it was posited that anhedonia in mood disorders could b ...
... first presented the highly influential dopamine deficiency hypothesis of anhedonia, he argued that dopamine (DA) critically mediated an organism’s experience of pleasure, or “yumminess”, in response to rewarding stimuli (Wise, 1980). Consequently, it was posited that anhedonia in mood disorders could b ...
Sample
... 27) What is the term used to describe the rounded areas on the ends of the axon terminals? A) synaptic vesicles B) axons C) dendrites D) synaptic knobs Correct: Correct. Synaptic knobs are located at the tip of each axon terminal. Incorrect: Incorrect. Synaptic vesicles are structures within the syn ...
... 27) What is the term used to describe the rounded areas on the ends of the axon terminals? A) synaptic vesicles B) axons C) dendrites D) synaptic knobs Correct: Correct. Synaptic knobs are located at the tip of each axon terminal. Incorrect: Incorrect. Synaptic vesicles are structures within the syn ...
New Roles for the External Globus Pallidus in Basal Ganglia Circuits
... mice, respectively (Mastro et al., 2014) (Fig. 1). The striatal projections of Lhx6- and PV-GPe neurons are selective for GABAergic interneurons (Mastro et al., 2014), suggesting that they are distinct from Arky-GPe neurons. Lhx6 and PV-GPe neurons represent largely nonoverlapping populations in the ...
... mice, respectively (Mastro et al., 2014) (Fig. 1). The striatal projections of Lhx6- and PV-GPe neurons are selective for GABAergic interneurons (Mastro et al., 2014), suggesting that they are distinct from Arky-GPe neurons. Lhx6 and PV-GPe neurons represent largely nonoverlapping populations in the ...
Implicit versus explicit attitudes: differing manifestations of the same
... expressed in the communicative episodes that are used to measure them. For if they are, then explicit and implicit measures surely couldn’t dissociate to the extent that they do unless the latter had a distinct representational basis. To see this, try to suppose that both sorts of task tap into the ...
... expressed in the communicative episodes that are used to measure them. For if they are, then explicit and implicit measures surely couldn’t dissociate to the extent that they do unless the latter had a distinct representational basis. To see this, try to suppose that both sorts of task tap into the ...
THESIS D - Krishikosh
... I express my sincere thanks to Mr. S. N. Gawande. University Librarian, MAFSU, Nagpur. I also offer my sincere thanks to Mr. Dinesh Patil, Assistant Professors of Statistics, Department of Veterinary Genetics, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur for their suggestions and guidance as and when required ...
... I express my sincere thanks to Mr. S. N. Gawande. University Librarian, MAFSU, Nagpur. I also offer my sincere thanks to Mr. Dinesh Patil, Assistant Professors of Statistics, Department of Veterinary Genetics, Nagpur Veterinary College, Nagpur for their suggestions and guidance as and when required ...
Functional Neuroimaging Insights into the Physiology of Human Sleep
... Functional brain imaging has been used in humans to noninvasively investigate the neural mechanisms underlying the generation of sleep stages. On the one hand, REM sleep has been associated with the activation of the pons, thalamus, limbic areas, and temporo-occipital cortices, and the deactivation ...
... Functional brain imaging has been used in humans to noninvasively investigate the neural mechanisms underlying the generation of sleep stages. On the one hand, REM sleep has been associated with the activation of the pons, thalamus, limbic areas, and temporo-occipital cortices, and the deactivation ...
Document
... a. the likelihood that a neuron will take action when stimulated. b. an energy impulse released by the dendrites. c. the firing of a nerve, either toward or away from the cell body. d. a neural impulse that carries information along the axon of a neuron. Answer: d Page: 34 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledg ...
... a. the likelihood that a neuron will take action when stimulated. b. an energy impulse released by the dendrites. c. the firing of a nerve, either toward or away from the cell body. d. a neural impulse that carries information along the axon of a neuron. Answer: d Page: 34 Bloom’s Taxonomy: Knowledg ...
The Auditory System
... closed by the base of the stapes, so that vibrations of the auditory ossicles are transmitted to the perilymph of the inner ear. Motion of the auditory ossicles is modified by two small middle ear muscles, the tensor tympani and the stapedius. The tensor tympani is the largest of the two. It is atta ...
... closed by the base of the stapes, so that vibrations of the auditory ossicles are transmitted to the perilymph of the inner ear. Motion of the auditory ossicles is modified by two small middle ear muscles, the tensor tympani and the stapedius. The tensor tympani is the largest of the two. It is atta ...
Spatial cognition, body representation and affective processes
... add to a more complete understanding of vestibular functions when including higher processing areas in future research. The use of neuroimaging will certainly contribute but it is noteworthy to point out these techniques are in essence correlational and do not permit drawing causal conclusions about ...
... add to a more complete understanding of vestibular functions when including higher processing areas in future research. The use of neuroimaging will certainly contribute but it is noteworthy to point out these techniques are in essence correlational and do not permit drawing causal conclusions about ...
Vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs): The three musketeers of
... peripheral nervous system (PNS) as well as in non-neuronal cells. VGLUTs are localized in the dorsal root ganglia, where they are involved in nociception (Oliviera et al. 2003), in the trigeminal ganglion (Li et al. 2003) and in enteric neurons being the primary afferent neurotransmitter that transf ...
... peripheral nervous system (PNS) as well as in non-neuronal cells. VGLUTs are localized in the dorsal root ganglia, where they are involved in nociception (Oliviera et al. 2003), in the trigeminal ganglion (Li et al. 2003) and in enteric neurons being the primary afferent neurotransmitter that transf ...
The role of the cerebellum in classical conditioning of
... (Christian and Thompson, 2005; Woodruff-Pak and Steinmetz, 2000) and will not be treated here. To the extent tested, all findings described below for non-human animals apply equally to humans. The cerebellum and its associated circuitry constitute the entire essential circuit for delay classical con ...
... (Christian and Thompson, 2005; Woodruff-Pak and Steinmetz, 2000) and will not be treated here. To the extent tested, all findings described below for non-human animals apply equally to humans. The cerebellum and its associated circuitry constitute the entire essential circuit for delay classical con ...
Topographical organization of the pedunculopontine nucleus
... of connectivity with functionally distinct neuronal systems underlies an integrative function rather than a role as a simple relay nucleus. An example of this heterogeneous connectivity is the way the PPN is integrated into basal ganglia circuits: distinct functional types of neurons in the PPN inne ...
... of connectivity with functionally distinct neuronal systems underlies an integrative function rather than a role as a simple relay nucleus. An example of this heterogeneous connectivity is the way the PPN is integrated into basal ganglia circuits: distinct functional types of neurons in the PPN inne ...
Neural circuits underlying the generation of theta oscillations
... Limbic system Neuronal networks ...
... Limbic system Neuronal networks ...
Projections of the median raphe nucleus in the rat
... the autoradiographic technique. Although our report described projections to these regions, it also was incomplete in that certain areas of the brain were omitted, significantly, the brainstem and neocortex. In essence then, although several reports have examined MR projections, none have described ...
... the autoradiographic technique. Although our report described projections to these regions, it also was incomplete in that certain areas of the brain were omitted, significantly, the brainstem and neocortex. In essence then, although several reports have examined MR projections, none have described ...
introduction to qualitative methods in psychology
... In psychology, the received understanding holds that qualitative methods have emerged in force during the last three decades. Before this time, mainstream psychology was a quantitative monolith smothering any other perspective on what psychology should be. This is not entirely a fiction but it is a c ...
... In psychology, the received understanding holds that qualitative methods have emerged in force during the last three decades. Before this time, mainstream psychology was a quantitative monolith smothering any other perspective on what psychology should be. This is not entirely a fiction but it is a c ...
The Wick in the Candle of Learning
... classified as being in the high- or low-curiosity condition according to the condition to which the whole trial had been assigned. Thus, there were two curiosity conditions for each epoch, resulting in a total of 10 separate regressors of interest. Each regressor was time-locked to stimulus presenta ...
... classified as being in the high- or low-curiosity condition according to the condition to which the whole trial had been assigned. Thus, there were two curiosity conditions for each epoch, resulting in a total of 10 separate regressors of interest. Each regressor was time-locked to stimulus presenta ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... Department of Biolog y and Volen Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA ...
... Department of Biolog y and Volen Center, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts 02454-9110, USA ...
hippocampo–cerebellar theta band phase synchrony in rabbits
... and Wikgren, 2009; Seager et al., 2002). Moreover, blocking hippocampal theta oscillation with, for example, scopolamine injections before eyeblink conditioning retards behavioral learning and virtually abolishes any learningrelated unit responses in the hippocampus (Salvatierra and Berry, 1989). Pr ...
... and Wikgren, 2009; Seager et al., 2002). Moreover, blocking hippocampal theta oscillation with, for example, scopolamine injections before eyeblink conditioning retards behavioral learning and virtually abolishes any learningrelated unit responses in the hippocampus (Salvatierra and Berry, 1989). Pr ...
4. Conclusions and Perspectives - RuCCS
... Those who maintain that mental images are encoded in a distinct (perhaps analogical) form attempt to characterize the functional properties of images and to determine which cerebral structures are responsible for these properties. As we will see later in this review, functional neuroimaging have bee ...
... Those who maintain that mental images are encoded in a distinct (perhaps analogical) form attempt to characterize the functional properties of images and to determine which cerebral structures are responsible for these properties. As we will see later in this review, functional neuroimaging have bee ...
the inferior colliculus of the rat: quantitative
... was numbered and assigned approximate (x, y) coordinates according to a calibrated Cartesian space with an arbitrary origin. For each field, the mean gray level (MF) and the standard deviation of gray values (S.D.F) were measured. From each field (768⫻512 pixels), five to seven neurons among those that ...
... was numbered and assigned approximate (x, y) coordinates according to a calibrated Cartesian space with an arbitrary origin. For each field, the mean gray level (MF) and the standard deviation of gray values (S.D.F) were measured. From each field (768⫻512 pixels), five to seven neurons among those that ...
Rationalizing Context-Dependent Preferences: Divisive
... that directly impacts how the decision-making process in the human brain has evolved. Neurons require energy, and energy resources in the human body are finite. This places a limit on both the total number of neurons in the brain, and the number that can be allocated to any given task (since neurons ...
... that directly impacts how the decision-making process in the human brain has evolved. Neurons require energy, and energy resources in the human body are finite. This places a limit on both the total number of neurons in the brain, and the number that can be allocated to any given task (since neurons ...
Neural substrates for expectation-modulated fear learning in
... A form of aversively motivated learning called fear conditioning occurs when a neutral conditioned stimulus is paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (UCS). UCS-evoked depolarization of amygdala neurons may instruct Hebbian plasticity that stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–uncondit ...
... A form of aversively motivated learning called fear conditioning occurs when a neutral conditioned stimulus is paired with an aversive unconditioned stimulus (UCS). UCS-evoked depolarization of amygdala neurons may instruct Hebbian plasticity that stores memories of the conditioned stimulus–uncondit ...
Ectopic Expression of the Neuropeptide Pigment
... Monitoring of eclosion rhythms of elav-gal4;UAS-pdf flies elav-gal4 (female) ⫻ UAS-pdf (male) crosses were set up along with elav-gal4 and UAS-pdf parental lines and kept under 12:12 LD conditions at 20 or 25°C. Flies were transferred to a new bottle every 2–3 d. After the first bottle had seeded fo ...
... Monitoring of eclosion rhythms of elav-gal4;UAS-pdf flies elav-gal4 (female) ⫻ UAS-pdf (male) crosses were set up along with elav-gal4 and UAS-pdf parental lines and kept under 12:12 LD conditions at 20 or 25°C. Flies were transferred to a new bottle every 2–3 d. After the first bottle had seeded fo ...
Cognitive neuroscience
Cognitive neuroscience is an academic field concerned with the scientific study of biological substrates underlying cognition, with a specific focus on the neural substrates of mental processes. It addresses the questions of how psychological/cognitive functions are produced by neural circuits in the brain. Cognitive neuroscience is a branch of both psychology and neuroscience, overlapping with disciplines such as physiological psychology, cognitive psychology, and neuropsychology. Cognitive neuroscience relies upon theories in cognitive science coupled with evidence from neuropsychology, and computational modeling.Due to its multidisciplinary nature, cognitive neuroscientists may have various backgrounds. Other than the associated disciplines just mentioned, cognitive neuroscientists may have backgrounds in neurobiology, bioengineering, psychiatry, neurology, physics, computer science, linguistics, philosophy, and mathematics.Methods employed in cognitive neuroscience include experimental paradigms from psychophysics and cognitive psychology, functional neuroimaging, electrophysiology, cognitive genomics, and behavioral genetics. Studies of patients with cognitive deficits due to brain lesions constitute an important aspect of cognitive neuroscience. Theoretical approaches include computational neuroscience and cognitive psychology.Cognitive neuroscience can look at the effects of damage to the brain and subsequent changes in the thought processes due to changes in neural circuitry resulting from the ensued damage. Also, cognitive abilities based on brain development is studied and examined under the subfield of developmental cognitive neuroscience.