Kynurenines in CNS disease: regulation by inflammatory cytokines
... function is necessary for BCG-induced IDO activation (O’connor et al., 2009a). Although IFN-γ is regarded as the primary inducer of IDO, there is some evidence that IDO expression can be induced independently of IFN-γ. Systemic LPS administration induces IDO expression in rat cortex and hippocampus ...
... function is necessary for BCG-induced IDO activation (O’connor et al., 2009a). Although IFN-γ is regarded as the primary inducer of IDO, there is some evidence that IDO expression can be induced independently of IFN-γ. Systemic LPS administration induces IDO expression in rat cortex and hippocampus ...
Perception Processing for General Intelligence
... to the above-cited references, and assuming basic knowledge of how both systems work. These two systems were not originally designed to work together, but we will describe a method for achieving their tight integration via 1. Modifying DeSTIN in several ways, so that ...
... to the above-cited references, and assuming basic knowledge of how both systems work. These two systems were not originally designed to work together, but we will describe a method for achieving their tight integration via 1. Modifying DeSTIN in several ways, so that ...
Non-reward neural mechanisms in the orbitofrontal cortex
... or lost, with examples including sadness and anger (Rolls, 2014). Consistent with this the psychiatric disorder of depression may arise when the non-reward system leading to sadness is too sensitive, or maintains its activity for too long (Rolls, 2016b), or has increased functional connectivity (Che ...
... or lost, with examples including sadness and anger (Rolls, 2014). Consistent with this the psychiatric disorder of depression may arise when the non-reward system leading to sadness is too sensitive, or maintains its activity for too long (Rolls, 2016b), or has increased functional connectivity (Che ...
Ultrastructural Characterization of Gerbil Olivocochlear Neurons
... all morphological features common to the D-ASP-labeled profiles. Several possibilities could explain their presence:these neurons could be the source of the crossedprojections to the contralateral cochlea;they might have beenrendered incapable of retrograde uptake; or they could be entirely unrelate ...
... all morphological features common to the D-ASP-labeled profiles. Several possibilities could explain their presence:these neurons could be the source of the crossedprojections to the contralateral cochlea;they might have beenrendered incapable of retrograde uptake; or they could be entirely unrelate ...
Subcortical loops through the basal ganglia
... independently, co-operatively or competitively to influence the mechanisms of action selection. Introduction Basal ganglia dysfunctions have long been associated with a range of debilitating clinical conditions whose most obvious manifestations are disturbances in movement. It is increasingly recogn ...
... independently, co-operatively or competitively to influence the mechanisms of action selection. Introduction Basal ganglia dysfunctions have long been associated with a range of debilitating clinical conditions whose most obvious manifestations are disturbances in movement. It is increasingly recogn ...
Seana Coulson, Jonathan W. King and Marta Kutas
... The controversy surrounding whether syntactic processing is distinct from the rest of language processing has recently included evidence obtained from the brain's electrical response to words in sentence contexts. Osterhout, McKinnon, Bersick and Corey (1996) report that event-related brain potentia ...
... The controversy surrounding whether syntactic processing is distinct from the rest of language processing has recently included evidence obtained from the brain's electrical response to words in sentence contexts. Osterhout, McKinnon, Bersick and Corey (1996) report that event-related brain potentia ...
Dynamics and Synchronization of Motifs of Neuronal Populations in the Presence
... or even to a single person (Quiroga et al., 2005). In the vision, the concept of receptive field has also been extended to capture a spatiotemporal feature of the stimulus. This generalization allows the characterization of direction selective responses from neurons in primary visual cortex (Alonso ...
... or even to a single person (Quiroga et al., 2005). In the vision, the concept of receptive field has also been extended to capture a spatiotemporal feature of the stimulus. This generalization allows the characterization of direction selective responses from neurons in primary visual cortex (Alonso ...
Tumor necrosis factor-alpha in normal and diseased brain
... From the 1 Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, Aab Biomedical Institute, and the Departments of 2 Neurology (Child Neurology Division), 3 Microbiology and Immunology, and 4 Pediatrics, and the 5 Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Roche ...
... From the 1 Center for Aging and Developmental Biology, Aab Biomedical Institute, and the Departments of 2 Neurology (Child Neurology Division), 3 Microbiology and Immunology, and 4 Pediatrics, and the 5 Interdepartmental Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Rochester Medical Center, Roche ...
Neuron
... 2001; Rushworth et al., 2001; Sohn et al., 2000) have identified brain regions apparently involved in set shifting. These regions include the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC), both of which showed larger activation during trials in which subjects shifted their cognitiv ...
... 2001; Rushworth et al., 2001; Sohn et al., 2000) have identified brain regions apparently involved in set shifting. These regions include the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) and the prefrontal cortex (PFC), both of which showed larger activation during trials in which subjects shifted their cognitiv ...
Full-Text PDF
... patients with cerebellar pathologies [14–16], with several neuroimaging functional studies having also demonstrated cerebellar activation in emotional tasks [17–20]. The link between the cerebellum and the emotional domain is also supported by findings of structural and functional cerebellar abnorma ...
... patients with cerebellar pathologies [14–16], with several neuroimaging functional studies having also demonstrated cerebellar activation in emotional tasks [17–20]. The link between the cerebellum and the emotional domain is also supported by findings of structural and functional cerebellar abnorma ...
A quantitative link between face discrimination deficits and neuronal
... across a range of tasks including social–emotional judgments as well as identification and discrimination. However, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies probing the neural bases of these behavioral differences have produced conflicting results: while some studies have reported reduced ...
... across a range of tasks including social–emotional judgments as well as identification and discrimination. However, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies probing the neural bases of these behavioral differences have produced conflicting results: while some studies have reported reduced ...
as a PDF
... discovery of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a large number of publications have demonstrated that this peptide provides a potent defense mechanism against volume overload in mammals, including humans. ANP is mostly localized in the heart, but ANP and its receptor are also found in hypothalami ...
... discovery of the atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), a large number of publications have demonstrated that this peptide provides a potent defense mechanism against volume overload in mammals, including humans. ANP is mostly localized in the heart, but ANP and its receptor are also found in hypothalami ...
Neurobiology of ADHD Gail Tripp , Review
... The second key domain of neuropsychological deficit identified in the Nigg (2005) meta-analysis was motivation, in particular in relation to reinforcement. An altered response to reinforcement has been demonstrated in children with ADHD and has been proposed as a mechanism underlying particular sympto ...
... The second key domain of neuropsychological deficit identified in the Nigg (2005) meta-analysis was motivation, in particular in relation to reinforcement. An altered response to reinforcement has been demonstrated in children with ADHD and has been proposed as a mechanism underlying particular sympto ...
Reward and Aversion
... and depression. Since the seminal discovery made by Olds & Milner (1954) that electrical stimulation of certain brain areas causes approach behavior, positive reinforcement, and pleasure in rats, two essential questions have arisen: Which brain sites produce the rewarding effects? Which drugs block ...
... and depression. Since the seminal discovery made by Olds & Milner (1954) that electrical stimulation of certain brain areas causes approach behavior, positive reinforcement, and pleasure in rats, two essential questions have arisen: Which brain sites produce the rewarding effects? Which drugs block ...
Late-onset Parkinsonism in NFjB/c-Rel
... (SIGMA). Coronal slices (30 or 10 mm thickness) were cut to obtain serial sections of the following cerebral areas using bregma-based coordinates (Franklin and Paxinos, 2008): substantia nigra pars compacta (anterior–posterior 2.54 to 3.40 mm), ventral tegmental area ...
... (SIGMA). Coronal slices (30 or 10 mm thickness) were cut to obtain serial sections of the following cerebral areas using bregma-based coordinates (Franklin and Paxinos, 2008): substantia nigra pars compacta (anterior–posterior 2.54 to 3.40 mm), ventral tegmental area ...
IOSR Journal Of Environmental Science, Toxicology And Food Technology (IOSR-JESTFT)
... Present study results revealed extensive neurodegeneration in the various brain areas exposed to fluoride. Ascorbic acid and Ginkgo biloba received animal brain showed less degeneration. Fluoride exposed brain showed histopathological changes suggesting necrosis/ apoptosis, and these changes are lin ...
... Present study results revealed extensive neurodegeneration in the various brain areas exposed to fluoride. Ascorbic acid and Ginkgo biloba received animal brain showed less degeneration. Fluoride exposed brain showed histopathological changes suggesting necrosis/ apoptosis, and these changes are lin ...
Wilson, Margot (2016) A study of ignorance: suffering and freedom
... were not written down in an official text until circa 250 BCE. http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/ ...
... were not written down in an official text until circa 250 BCE. http://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/ ...
Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated
... [77,173,332]). However, the introduction of the Golgi method, and of experimental degeneration methods for pathway tracing, in the latter half of the 19th century yielded orders of magnitude more information about brain ´ y structural organization. The situation was clear to Ramon Cajal, who contrib ...
... [77,173,332]). However, the introduction of the Golgi method, and of experimental degeneration methods for pathway tracing, in the latter half of the 19th century yielded orders of magnitude more information about brain ´ y structural organization. The situation was clear to Ramon Cajal, who contrib ...
(2000). Cerebral hemisphere regulation of motivated behavior.
... [77,173,332]). However, the introduction of the Golgi method, and of experimental degeneration methods for pathway tracing, in the latter half of the 19th century yielded orders of magnitude more information about brain ´ y structural organization. The situation was clear to Ramon Cajal, who contrib ...
... [77,173,332]). However, the introduction of the Golgi method, and of experimental degeneration methods for pathway tracing, in the latter half of the 19th century yielded orders of magnitude more information about brain ´ y structural organization. The situation was clear to Ramon Cajal, who contrib ...
Chapter 1
... Research on Infant Memory • Even the latest technologies don’t enable researchers to make out fine details in brain imaging of babies, and they often can’t be used with babies. • Charles Nelson is pioneering informative infantbrain research using 128 electrodes attached to babies’ scalps. • Nelson h ...
... Research on Infant Memory • Even the latest technologies don’t enable researchers to make out fine details in brain imaging of babies, and they often can’t be used with babies. • Charles Nelson is pioneering informative infantbrain research using 128 electrodes attached to babies’ scalps. • Nelson h ...
Eye fields in the frontal lobes of primates
... under the premise that these regions are functionally distinct w69,161,162,173,254,255,277,279x. These labels have also been used to organize data from functional imaging experiments carried out on humans w204x. In this nomenclature, F2 corresponds with the premotor area, F3 with the supplementary m ...
... under the premise that these regions are functionally distinct w69,161,162,173,254,255,277,279x. These labels have also been used to organize data from functional imaging experiments carried out on humans w204x. In this nomenclature, F2 corresponds with the premotor area, F3 with the supplementary m ...
A Critical Review of Secondary Neurodegeneration
... molecular structure that allows it to assume a large variety of configurations within the central nervous system, each of which appears to result in quite distinct biological effects [13,14]. This issue of specificity with respect to configuration state of amyloid-β is not simply academic matter for ...
... molecular structure that allows it to assume a large variety of configurations within the central nervous system, each of which appears to result in quite distinct biological effects [13,14]. This issue of specificity with respect to configuration state of amyloid-β is not simply academic matter for ...
A thalamic reticular networking model of consciousness
... short-term change in alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic current amplitudes in response to stimulation at non-gamma frequencies (less than 30 Hz), simulating background activity, but showed shortterm depression in such amplitudes ...
... short-term change in alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid (AMPA) receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic current amplitudes in response to stimulation at non-gamma frequencies (less than 30 Hz), simulating background activity, but showed shortterm depression in such amplitudes ...
Schema Theory
... how the nervous system could set the organism's "overall mode of behavior" through the cooperative computation [no executive control] of modules each of which aggregates the activity of many neurons.) A schema is what is learned about some aspect of the world, combining knowledge with the processes ...
... how the nervous system could set the organism's "overall mode of behavior" through the cooperative computation [no executive control] of modules each of which aggregates the activity of many neurons.) A schema is what is learned about some aspect of the world, combining knowledge with the processes ...
Cognitive neuroscience
Cognitive neuroscience is an academic field concerned with the scientific study of biological substrates underlying cognition, with a specific focus on the neural substrates of mental processes. It addresses the questions of how psychological/cognitive functions are produced by neural circuits in the brain. Cognitive neuroscience is a branch of both psychology and neuroscience, overlapping with disciplines such as physiological psychology, cognitive psychology, and neuropsychology. Cognitive neuroscience relies upon theories in cognitive science coupled with evidence from neuropsychology, and computational modeling.Due to its multidisciplinary nature, cognitive neuroscientists may have various backgrounds. Other than the associated disciplines just mentioned, cognitive neuroscientists may have backgrounds in neurobiology, bioengineering, psychiatry, neurology, physics, computer science, linguistics, philosophy, and mathematics.Methods employed in cognitive neuroscience include experimental paradigms from psychophysics and cognitive psychology, functional neuroimaging, electrophysiology, cognitive genomics, and behavioral genetics. Studies of patients with cognitive deficits due to brain lesions constitute an important aspect of cognitive neuroscience. Theoretical approaches include computational neuroscience and cognitive psychology.Cognitive neuroscience can look at the effects of damage to the brain and subsequent changes in the thought processes due to changes in neural circuitry resulting from the ensued damage. Also, cognitive abilities based on brain development is studied and examined under the subfield of developmental cognitive neuroscience.