The Basal Ganglia
... and tere bral Cortex The bfsal ganglia were traditionally thought to function only ~ voluntary movement. Indeed, fOTsome time it W= s b lieved that the basal ganglia sent their entire output to the motor cortex via the thalamus and thus act as a I through which movement is initiated by different C~ ...
... and tere bral Cortex The bfsal ganglia were traditionally thought to function only ~ voluntary movement. Indeed, fOTsome time it W= s b lieved that the basal ganglia sent their entire output to the motor cortex via the thalamus and thus act as a I through which movement is initiated by different C~ ...
Neural Basis of Brain Dysfunction Produced by Early Sleep Problems
... Abstract: There is a wealth of evidence that disrupted sleep and circadian rhythms, which are common in modern society even during the early stages of life, have unfavorable effects on brain function. Altered brain function can cause problem behaviors later in life, such as truancy from or dropping ...
... Abstract: There is a wealth of evidence that disrupted sleep and circadian rhythms, which are common in modern society even during the early stages of life, have unfavorable effects on brain function. Altered brain function can cause problem behaviors later in life, such as truancy from or dropping ...
. Reciprocal Heuristics: A Discussion of the Relationship of the Study
... current opportunities for the study of animal learning provided by recent developments in behavioral ecology and field ethology. In the final section res~arch on social learning in animals is used to illustrate some difficultie~ which. may be encountered both in extrapolating laboratory findings to ...
... current opportunities for the study of animal learning provided by recent developments in behavioral ecology and field ethology. In the final section res~arch on social learning in animals is used to illustrate some difficultie~ which. may be encountered both in extrapolating laboratory findings to ...
The neural basis of puberty and adolescence
... As a theoretical construct, the dichotomy of steroid-independent and steroid-dependent mechanisms has increased our appreciation of the different ways that the body controls GnRH secretion. However, in most species, both types of mechanisms come into play at different points during puberty to boost ...
... As a theoretical construct, the dichotomy of steroid-independent and steroid-dependent mechanisms has increased our appreciation of the different ways that the body controls GnRH secretion. However, in most species, both types of mechanisms come into play at different points during puberty to boost ...
Rapid Alterations in Diffusion-weighted Images with Anatomic
... displayed significant apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) decreases 12 hours after seizure initiation. In contrast, an ADC rise of 19% was observed in the hippocampus 24 hours after seizure induction. Histologic data from the piriform cortex and amygdala confirmed severe neuronal loss, whereas hipp ...
... displayed significant apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) decreases 12 hours after seizure initiation. In contrast, an ADC rise of 19% was observed in the hippocampus 24 hours after seizure induction. Histologic data from the piriform cortex and amygdala confirmed severe neuronal loss, whereas hipp ...
Control of movement direction - Cognitive Science Research Group
... In the introduction to this chapter, it was mentioned that a long–standing controversy in biological motor control is the question about whether muscle dynamics or movement kinematics are represented in the motor cortex (Kalaska et al., 1992; Johnson et al., 2001; Flash and Sejnowski, 2001). The deb ...
... In the introduction to this chapter, it was mentioned that a long–standing controversy in biological motor control is the question about whether muscle dynamics or movement kinematics are represented in the motor cortex (Kalaska et al., 1992; Johnson et al., 2001; Flash and Sejnowski, 2001). The deb ...
The cerebrocerebellar system: anatomic substrates of the cerebellar
... brainstem and thalamic reticular systems that subserve arousal. Autonomic activity is supported by the reciprocal interconnections with the hypothalamus. Limbic and paralimbic connections include the hypothalamus, septal region, hippocampus, and cingulate gyrus. Associative connections consist of bo ...
... brainstem and thalamic reticular systems that subserve arousal. Autonomic activity is supported by the reciprocal interconnections with the hypothalamus. Limbic and paralimbic connections include the hypothalamus, septal region, hippocampus, and cingulate gyrus. Associative connections consist of bo ...
Rat Thought-Controlled Robot Arm
... distinctively sharp drop in NP activity (4 in Fig. 4b). Similar NP properties were found in the other five animals in which MI/VL forelimb neurons were recorded. Further analysis of such ANNs suggested that they ‘learned’ to make such predictions by encoding distinct temporal response functions into ...
... distinctively sharp drop in NP activity (4 in Fig. 4b). Similar NP properties were found in the other five animals in which MI/VL forelimb neurons were recorded. Further analysis of such ANNs suggested that they ‘learned’ to make such predictions by encoding distinct temporal response functions into ...
The Neural Basis of Human Error Processing: Reinforcement
... are used to facilitate the development of adaptive motor programs. Although the reinforcement learning function attributed to the mesencephalic dopamine system and the error-processing function associated with the ERN appear to be concerned with the same problem—namely, evaluating the appropriatenes ...
... are used to facilitate the development of adaptive motor programs. Although the reinforcement learning function attributed to the mesencephalic dopamine system and the error-processing function associated with the ERN appear to be concerned with the same problem—namely, evaluating the appropriatenes ...
Why is parkinsonism not a feature of human methamphetamine users?
... might be as low as those in patients with Parkinson's disease, we compared the levels of dopamine in the striatum of each of the MA users with the levels we reported previously for the striatum of 12 patients (mean age, 77 years) with Parkinson's disease, who ranged in clinical severity from the ear ...
... might be as low as those in patients with Parkinson's disease, we compared the levels of dopamine in the striatum of each of the MA users with the levels we reported previously for the striatum of 12 patients (mean age, 77 years) with Parkinson's disease, who ranged in clinical severity from the ear ...
The dual-pathway model of auditory signal
... selectivity respond to speed and direction of stimulus motions[7]. Some striking similarities have been revealed between the human visual cortex and the monkey visual cortex by functional brain-imaging studies. Functional brain imaging techniques using positron emission tomography (PET) and function ...
... selectivity respond to speed and direction of stimulus motions[7]. Some striking similarities have been revealed between the human visual cortex and the monkey visual cortex by functional brain-imaging studies. Functional brain imaging techniques using positron emission tomography (PET) and function ...
Learning PPT - Thompson Falls Schools
... mental representation of the layout of one’s environment Example: after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it ...
... mental representation of the layout of one’s environment Example: after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it ...
Cognition and Operant Conditioning
... mental representation of the layout of one’s environment Example: after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it ...
... mental representation of the layout of one’s environment Example: after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it ...
Visual7
... can be distinguished as they lack a Stripe of Gennari. 1. Motion pathway – Magnocellular system 1° cortex higher-order areas for visual form in motion (including medial temporal projection). 2. Colour pathway – parvocellular system 1° cortical projections in 4Cβ colour blobs higher-order a ...
... can be distinguished as they lack a Stripe of Gennari. 1. Motion pathway – Magnocellular system 1° cortex higher-order areas for visual form in motion (including medial temporal projection). 2. Colour pathway – parvocellular system 1° cortical projections in 4Cβ colour blobs higher-order a ...
chapter1
... Spike-train statistics • If spikes are described as stochastic events, we call this a point process: P(t1,t2,…,tn)=p(t1,t2,…,tn)( t)n • The probability of a spike can in principle depend on the whole history: P(tn|t1,…,tn-1) • If the probability of a spike only depends on the time of the last spik ...
... Spike-train statistics • If spikes are described as stochastic events, we call this a point process: P(t1,t2,…,tn)=p(t1,t2,…,tn)( t)n • The probability of a spike can in principle depend on the whole history: P(tn|t1,…,tn-1) • If the probability of a spike only depends on the time of the last spik ...
A direct quantitative relationship between the functional properties of
... processing, but also how their responses vary with visual characteristics of the stimulus. Much of our current knowledge of physiological responses underlying human motion perception has been inferred from detailed studies of single-neuron response properties in area V5/MT of the monkey1,2. For exam ...
... processing, but also how their responses vary with visual characteristics of the stimulus. Much of our current knowledge of physiological responses underlying human motion perception has been inferred from detailed studies of single-neuron response properties in area V5/MT of the monkey1,2. For exam ...
Layer-Specific Markers as Probes for Neuron Type Identity in
... mainly in layers III and VI (51, 53, 54). Further complications arise from changes in the laminar specificity of markers across cortical areas (30, 31, 40, 42) and developmental stages (22, 26, 33). Finally, some layer-specific markers can be actively regulated in response to neural activity (51). A ...
... mainly in layers III and VI (51, 53, 54). Further complications arise from changes in the laminar specificity of markers across cortical areas (30, 31, 40, 42) and developmental stages (22, 26, 33). Finally, some layer-specific markers can be actively regulated in response to neural activity (51). A ...
6.12 Dorsal and Ventral Streams in the Sense of Touch
... The ventral stream – transmitted through the inferotemporal cortex – is the putative ‘what’ pathway. These cortical areas analyze the visual signals to derive cognitive information about the size, shape, and color of the stimulus. These intrinsic properties allow us to recognize such stimuli as dist ...
... The ventral stream – transmitted through the inferotemporal cortex – is the putative ‘what’ pathway. These cortical areas analyze the visual signals to derive cognitive information about the size, shape, and color of the stimulus. These intrinsic properties allow us to recognize such stimuli as dist ...
Preview Sample 1
... Neurons have four major components: a soma, dendrites, axon, and axon terminal. The soma is the body of the neuron. It also contains the nucleus, which holds DNA. Overall, components within the soma support a neuron’s basic physiological processes. Generally, a neuron has many dendrites that branch ...
... Neurons have four major components: a soma, dendrites, axon, and axon terminal. The soma is the body of the neuron. It also contains the nucleus, which holds DNA. Overall, components within the soma support a neuron’s basic physiological processes. Generally, a neuron has many dendrites that branch ...
The Motor System of the Cortex and the Brain Stem
... know the location of the target. By comparing these two vectors in some common coordinate system, you have a “high level” plan, or an intention, as to what the robot should do. After this is done, you need to decide the details of the plan. Will it be a fast movement or a slow movement? Will the mov ...
... know the location of the target. By comparing these two vectors in some common coordinate system, you have a “high level” plan, or an intention, as to what the robot should do. After this is done, you need to decide the details of the plan. Will it be a fast movement or a slow movement? Will the mov ...
CHAPTER 5 –OUTLINE - Learning I. Introduction: What Is Learning
... processes” that would explain “order in behavior.” He believed that psychology should restrict itself to studying only phenomena that could be objectively measured and verified—outwardly observable behavior and environmental events. 2. To Skinner, the most important form of learning was demonstrated ...
... processes” that would explain “order in behavior.” He believed that psychology should restrict itself to studying only phenomena that could be objectively measured and verified—outwardly observable behavior and environmental events. 2. To Skinner, the most important form of learning was demonstrated ...
Author`s personal copy
... criteria (including cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture, and connectivity patterns) and functional criteria such as tuning properties [13,21,24,25]. A logical consequence of this principle is that any individual anatomically or functionally defined area will contain no more than a single representat ...
... criteria (including cytoarchitecture, myeloarchitecture, and connectivity patterns) and functional criteria such as tuning properties [13,21,24,25]. A logical consequence of this principle is that any individual anatomically or functionally defined area will contain no more than a single representat ...