The role of the basal ganglia in reinforcement learning
... of rate modulations. A simulation suggests that the changes in dopaminergic synchronization could provide an additional mechanism for controlling their concentrations in the striatum, beyond firing rate and pattern. Thus, the difference between the response properties of the basal ganglia subsystems ...
... of rate modulations. A simulation suggests that the changes in dopaminergic synchronization could provide an additional mechanism for controlling their concentrations in the striatum, beyond firing rate and pattern. Thus, the difference between the response properties of the basal ganglia subsystems ...
Independent Functions of Slit–Robo Repulsion and Netrin– Frazzled
... commissural axons toward and across the midline, whereas Slit signals through Robo family receptors to prevent commissural axons from recrossing the midline, as well as to prevent ipsilateral axons from ever crossing. Recent evidence from both Xenopus neuronal cell culture and Drosophila genetics ha ...
... commissural axons toward and across the midline, whereas Slit signals through Robo family receptors to prevent commissural axons from recrossing the midline, as well as to prevent ipsilateral axons from ever crossing. Recent evidence from both Xenopus neuronal cell culture and Drosophila genetics ha ...
The Pedunculopontine Nucleus (PPN) in Parkinson`s Disease
... functions that are affected in PD (sleep, gait, balance, eye movements, state of vigilance etc..). ...
... functions that are affected in PD (sleep, gait, balance, eye movements, state of vigilance etc..). ...
Targeting of Monomer/Misfolded SOD1 as a Therapeutic Strategy for
... SOD1 gene (fALS1). Here, we show the beneficial effects of an active immunization strategy using the SEDI antigenic peptide displayed on a branched peptide dendrimer to target monomer/misfolded in SOD1 G37R and SOD1 G93A mutant SOD1 transgenic mice. Immunization delayed disease onset and extended di ...
... SOD1 gene (fALS1). Here, we show the beneficial effects of an active immunization strategy using the SEDI antigenic peptide displayed on a branched peptide dendrimer to target monomer/misfolded in SOD1 G37R and SOD1 G93A mutant SOD1 transgenic mice. Immunization delayed disease onset and extended di ...
Homologous Neurons and their Locomotor Functions in Nudibranch
... might underlie the evolution of species-specific behaviors. Serotonin (5-HT) immunohistochemistry in eleven nudibranch species indicated that certain groups of 5-HT-immunoreactive neurons, such as the Cerebral Serotonergic Posterior (CeSP) cluster, are present in all species. However, the locations ...
... might underlie the evolution of species-specific behaviors. Serotonin (5-HT) immunohistochemistry in eleven nudibranch species indicated that certain groups of 5-HT-immunoreactive neurons, such as the Cerebral Serotonergic Posterior (CeSP) cluster, are present in all species. However, the locations ...
Ketone Body Metabolism Preserves Hepatic Function during
... Ketone bodies are metabolized through evolutionarily conserved pathways that support bioenergetic homeostasis, particularly in brain, heart, and skeletal muscle when carbohydrates are in short supply. The metabolism of ketone bodies interfaces with the tricarboxylic acid cycle, β-oxidation of fatty ...
... Ketone bodies are metabolized through evolutionarily conserved pathways that support bioenergetic homeostasis, particularly in brain, heart, and skeletal muscle when carbohydrates are in short supply. The metabolism of ketone bodies interfaces with the tricarboxylic acid cycle, β-oxidation of fatty ...
Different adrenal sympathetic preganglionic
... and norepinephrine secretion. Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 279: R1763–R1775, 2000.—Brain stimulation or activation of certain reflexes can result in differential activation of the two populations of adrenal medullary chromaffin cells: those secreting either epinephrine or norepin ...
... and norepinephrine secretion. Am J Physiol Regulatory Integrative Comp Physiol 279: R1763–R1775, 2000.—Brain stimulation or activation of certain reflexes can result in differential activation of the two populations of adrenal medullary chromaffin cells: those secreting either epinephrine or norepin ...
The Locus Ceruleus Responds to Signaling Molecules Obtained
... DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5018-10.2011 Copyright © 2011 the authors 0270-6474/11/319147-12$15.00/0 ...
... DOI:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5018-10.2011 Copyright © 2011 the authors 0270-6474/11/319147-12$15.00/0 ...
thesis - ETDA
... both. Balance between excitation and inhibition is a crucial role the basal ganglia exerts on the motor cortex through the thalamus, which itself influences the cortex in an excitatory manner. Inhibition of areas adjacent to those activated ("center-surround") in the somatatopically-organized motor ...
... both. Balance between excitation and inhibition is a crucial role the basal ganglia exerts on the motor cortex through the thalamus, which itself influences the cortex in an excitatory manner. Inhibition of areas adjacent to those activated ("center-surround") in the somatatopically-organized motor ...
PDF
... Strikingly, although the physical interaction of NAB-1 with SAD-1 is necessary for polarity, it is dispensable for synapse morphology. We propose that Neurabin functions as a scaffold to facilitate SAD-1-mediated phosphorylation for substrates specific for restricting axonal fate during neuronal pol ...
... Strikingly, although the physical interaction of NAB-1 with SAD-1 is necessary for polarity, it is dispensable for synapse morphology. We propose that Neurabin functions as a scaffold to facilitate SAD-1-mediated phosphorylation for substrates specific for restricting axonal fate during neuronal pol ...
the role of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase in glucose and ketone
... knockout (KO), PDK4 KO, and PDK2/PDK4 double knockout (DKO) mice were generated. PDK2 deficiency caused higher PDC activity and lower blood glucose levels in the fed state while PDK4 deficiency caused similar effects in the fasting state. DKO intensified these effects in both states. PDK2 deficiency ...
... knockout (KO), PDK4 KO, and PDK2/PDK4 double knockout (DKO) mice were generated. PDK2 deficiency caused higher PDC activity and lower blood glucose levels in the fed state while PDK4 deficiency caused similar effects in the fasting state. DKO intensified these effects in both states. PDK2 deficiency ...
The Unusual Binding Properties of the Third Distinct Teleost
... described in our previous paper (17) to standardize ER subtype nomenclature and in recognition of the fact that this subtype has not been identified subsequently in any other vertebrate classes (20). Similarly, the subtype formerly referred to as acER is renamed acERb. The ERas share a high degre ...
... described in our previous paper (17) to standardize ER subtype nomenclature and in recognition of the fact that this subtype has not been identified subsequently in any other vertebrate classes (20). Similarly, the subtype formerly referred to as acER is renamed acERb. The ERas share a high degre ...
Jennifer McFarland - University of Evansville Faculty Web sites
... the monoamines norepinephrine and serotonin, and glutamate, which will be further discussed to generally illustrate neurotransmitter regulation of hippocampal neurogenesis (Dranozsky & Hen, ...
... the monoamines norepinephrine and serotonin, and glutamate, which will be further discussed to generally illustrate neurotransmitter regulation of hippocampal neurogenesis (Dranozsky & Hen, ...
Neurotransmitters - Amazon Web Services
... nearly as effective or of equal effectiveness to some antidepressants. Interestingly, it takes less than 2 weeks for an antidepressant response to occur, while antidepressant drugs generally take 2–4 weeks. 5HTP also has no significant side effects. ...
... nearly as effective or of equal effectiveness to some antidepressants. Interestingly, it takes less than 2 weeks for an antidepressant response to occur, while antidepressant drugs generally take 2–4 weeks. 5HTP also has no significant side effects. ...
Sleep duration varies as a function of glutamate and GABA in rat
... PnO receives glutamatergic and GABAergic projections from many brain regions that regulate behavioral state. Indirect, pharmacological evidence has suggested that glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling within the PnO alters traits that characterize wakefulness and sleep. No previous studies have simu ...
... PnO receives glutamatergic and GABAergic projections from many brain regions that regulate behavioral state. Indirect, pharmacological evidence has suggested that glutamatergic and GABAergic signaling within the PnO alters traits that characterize wakefulness and sleep. No previous studies have simu ...
Discrete coding of stimulus value, reward expectation, and reward
... (CS) and subsequent reward (US) is varied parametrically across the full probability range (p = 0 to ...
... (CS) and subsequent reward (US) is varied parametrically across the full probability range (p = 0 to ...
the resonate-and-fire neuron: time dependent and frequency
... Let us begin by considering the morphology of a typical nerve cell, along with the general approach utilized to model the various electrophysiological aspects of neurons. Panel (A) in figure 1.1 depicts the various specialized cellular processes that characterizes nerve cells, and panel (B) represen ...
... Let us begin by considering the morphology of a typical nerve cell, along with the general approach utilized to model the various electrophysiological aspects of neurons. Panel (A) in figure 1.1 depicts the various specialized cellular processes that characterizes nerve cells, and panel (B) represen ...
Gentle Mechanical Skin Stimulation Inhibits Micturition Contractions
... Stimulation for 1 min inhibited bladder contractions during and after stimulation for several minutes. Stimuli applied to other areas such as the hind limb or abdomen also produced significant inhibition, but perineal stimulation produced the most consistent inhibition. The inhibitory effect of peri ...
... Stimulation for 1 min inhibited bladder contractions during and after stimulation for several minutes. Stimuli applied to other areas such as the hind limb or abdomen also produced significant inhibition, but perineal stimulation produced the most consistent inhibition. The inhibitory effect of peri ...
MOLECULAR MECHANISMS OF SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY IN ADULT MAMMALIAN SENSORY CORTEX
... Experience-dependent changes in synaptic composition and function (synaptic plasticity) underlie many brain functions including learning and memory, formation of sensory maps, as well as the capability to recover from injury. Most of these functions decline with age, supporting the observation that ...
... Experience-dependent changes in synaptic composition and function (synaptic plasticity) underlie many brain functions including learning and memory, formation of sensory maps, as well as the capability to recover from injury. Most of these functions decline with age, supporting the observation that ...
Session 230 IOP Measurement and characterization I
... eye to study the innervation of the entire limbus in 3D. The Prox1GFP mouse strain was used to label Schlemm’s canal (SC). The Thy1-YFP strain was used to identify sensory neurons. Antibodies to detect sympathetic (tyrosine hydroxylase), parasympathetic (vesicular acetylcholine transporter, choline ...
... eye to study the innervation of the entire limbus in 3D. The Prox1GFP mouse strain was used to label Schlemm’s canal (SC). The Thy1-YFP strain was used to identify sensory neurons. Antibodies to detect sympathetic (tyrosine hydroxylase), parasympathetic (vesicular acetylcholine transporter, choline ...
ﻧﺘﺎﯾﺞ داوری ﻣﻘﺎﻻت ﭼﻬﺎرﻣﯿﻦ ﮐﻨﮕﺮه ﻋﻠﻮم اﻋﺼﺎب ﭘﺎﯾﻪ و ﺑﺎ
... The Role of protein phosphatase ١ in the spatial learning and memory improvement induced by salicylate in rats Orexin-٢ receptors in hippocampal CA١ area are involved in expression and extinction of morphine place preference in rats Comparison of thought control strategies among students with and wi ...
... The Role of protein phosphatase ١ in the spatial learning and memory improvement induced by salicylate in rats Orexin-٢ receptors in hippocampal CA١ area are involved in expression and extinction of morphine place preference in rats Comparison of thought control strategies among students with and wi ...
Maxillary palp glomeruli and ipsilateral projections in the antennal
... ipsilateral input, with the fibres terminating in the ipsilateral AL only. Thus the antennal lobe of Drosophila has a glomerular organization which is apportioned into antennal, maxillary, saccular and ipsilateral glomeruli. Previous studies reported that sensory projection from the maxillary palp i ...
... ipsilateral input, with the fibres terminating in the ipsilateral AL only. Thus the antennal lobe of Drosophila has a glomerular organization which is apportioned into antennal, maxillary, saccular and ipsilateral glomeruli. Previous studies reported that sensory projection from the maxillary palp i ...
Full-Text PDF
... glucose production remains unchanged in some reports of human subjects [10] and rodents [11]. More frequently, fasting or postprandial glucose concentrations are increased after high fructose consumption in clinical trials [12] and animal experiments [13]. The elevated glucose output may cause an in ...
... glucose production remains unchanged in some reports of human subjects [10] and rodents [11]. More frequently, fasting or postprandial glucose concentrations are increased after high fructose consumption in clinical trials [12] and animal experiments [13]. The elevated glucose output may cause an in ...
NIH Public Access
... the proportion of the 20,000 references in the literature utilizing such Ca2+ ionophores where this underlying bioenergetic effect is an unrecognized complication. It is generally accepted that the hexavalent cation ruthenium red is impermeant across the plasma membrane of most cells and that it act ...
... the proportion of the 20,000 references in the literature utilizing such Ca2+ ionophores where this underlying bioenergetic effect is an unrecognized complication. It is generally accepted that the hexavalent cation ruthenium red is impermeant across the plasma membrane of most cells and that it act ...