chapter 4 the evolution of body, brain, behavior, and mind in
... the developing embryo from desiccation. After hatching, many amphibians spend their early life in the water as tadpoles, with tails used for swimming and gills for breathing. They do not develop functional lungs until they have metamorphosed. Moreover, lacking a diaphragm, the amphibian lung is a le ...
... the developing embryo from desiccation. After hatching, many amphibians spend their early life in the water as tadpoles, with tails used for swimming and gills for breathing. They do not develop functional lungs until they have metamorphosed. Moreover, lacking a diaphragm, the amphibian lung is a le ...
Facial Nerve Paralysis presentation (NXPowerLite)
... facial nerve (7th cranial nerve) paralysis • Imaging is not needed in majority of patients unless they have atypical features • W/atypical features, MR & CT may demonstrate potentially treatable lesions affecting facial nerves • Facial nerves can be affected anywhere along their course ...
... facial nerve (7th cranial nerve) paralysis • Imaging is not needed in majority of patients unless they have atypical features • W/atypical features, MR & CT may demonstrate potentially treatable lesions affecting facial nerves • Facial nerves can be affected anywhere along their course ...
Dynamic Stochastic Synapses as Computational Units
... an excitatory neuron to an inhibitory neuron, which sends feedback directly to the presynaptic terminals. They showed through computer simulations that tuning the relative contributions of excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms can selectively increase the network output cross-correlation for certain ...
... an excitatory neuron to an inhibitory neuron, which sends feedback directly to the presynaptic terminals. They showed through computer simulations that tuning the relative contributions of excitatory and inhibitory mechanisms can selectively increase the network output cross-correlation for certain ...
Activity-dependent editing of neuromuscular synaptic connections
... their synapses and expanded their terminal arbors into regions formerly occupied by the closed eye. Closing both eyes had relatively little effect on the distribution of inputs in visual cortex. Thus these experiments were the first to suggest that the relative pattern of activity, rather than the t ...
... their synapses and expanded their terminal arbors into regions formerly occupied by the closed eye. Closing both eyes had relatively little effect on the distribution of inputs in visual cortex. Thus these experiments were the first to suggest that the relative pattern of activity, rather than the t ...
Synapse formation in developing neural circuits.
... synapses, or synaptic transmission. It is therefore befitting that the actual term ‘‘synapse’’ was not coined by a neuroanatomist, but by a physiologist named Charles Sherrington. Sherrington coined the term ‘‘synapse’’ to refer to the special connections from one nerve cell to another that facilita ...
... synapses, or synaptic transmission. It is therefore befitting that the actual term ‘‘synapse’’ was not coined by a neuroanatomist, but by a physiologist named Charles Sherrington. Sherrington coined the term ‘‘synapse’’ to refer to the special connections from one nerve cell to another that facilita ...
Molekuláris bionika és Infobionika Szakok tananyagának komplex
... Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** ...
... Development of Complex Curricula for Molecular Bionics and Infobionics Programs within a consortial* framework** ...
Goal-Directed Navigation based on Path Integration and Decoding
... provided by Bush et al (2015); as enumerated by them, several neural models have been proposed for decoding grid cell signals: Fiete et al (2008) consider the grid cell system to implement a residue number system, and propose that grid cells could be read out using a neural architecture earlier prop ...
... provided by Bush et al (2015); as enumerated by them, several neural models have been proposed for decoding grid cell signals: Fiete et al (2008) consider the grid cell system to implement a residue number system, and propose that grid cells could be read out using a neural architecture earlier prop ...
Probing electrical signals in the retina via graphene
... graphene underneath either dehydrated or fixed retinal tissues, verifying that the photocurrent responses generated in the graphene underneath the ONH were indeed induced by the electrical activity in living retina. This method not only provides a way to investigate electrical processes in living ret ...
... graphene underneath either dehydrated or fixed retinal tissues, verifying that the photocurrent responses generated in the graphene underneath the ONH were indeed induced by the electrical activity in living retina. This method not only provides a way to investigate electrical processes in living ret ...
the brainstem control of saccadic eye movements
... Motor neuron commands. Torsional rotations are produced by contractions of combinations of superior/ inferior rectus and superior/inferior oblique muscle pairs. Consider the activity of motor neurons that innervate one of these muscles, the superior oblique. On the basis of its pulling direction (FI ...
... Motor neuron commands. Torsional rotations are produced by contractions of combinations of superior/ inferior rectus and superior/inferior oblique muscle pairs. Consider the activity of motor neurons that innervate one of these muscles, the superior oblique. On the basis of its pulling direction (FI ...
Summary of Results and Discussion
... In the mature brain, the control of branch generation (sprouting) to create new synapses and synapse elimination are key mechanisms that ensure fine-tune networks (Rakic et al., 1986). As during development, these mechanisms can be regulated by activity. The hippocampus is one of the brain regions e ...
... In the mature brain, the control of branch generation (sprouting) to create new synapses and synapse elimination are key mechanisms that ensure fine-tune networks (Rakic et al., 1986). As during development, these mechanisms can be regulated by activity. The hippocampus is one of the brain regions e ...
THE NEURON
... Neurons have a charge, or electrical potential, across their cell membranes. The inside of a neuron is negative compared to the outside. This difference is known as the ...
... Neurons have a charge, or electrical potential, across their cell membranes. The inside of a neuron is negative compared to the outside. This difference is known as the ...
Efficient Event-Driven Simulation of Large Networks of Spiking
... handled quite efficiently by the algorithm. We illustrate the operation of the algorithm in a specific case with integrate-and-fire neurons and specific spike-driven synaptic dynamics. Both dynamical elements have been found to be naturally implementable in VLSI. This network is simulated to show th ...
... handled quite efficiently by the algorithm. We illustrate the operation of the algorithm in a specific case with integrate-and-fire neurons and specific spike-driven synaptic dynamics. Both dynamical elements have been found to be naturally implementable in VLSI. This network is simulated to show th ...
Axons, but not cell bodies, are activated by electrical stimulation in
... Extracellular recordings of single units were obtained with tungsten-in-glass microelectrodes (Merrill and Ainsworth 1972) with 15to 25- m exposed tips and plated with platinum black (impedance less than 0.5 MW at 1000 Hz). The Neurolog recording system was used for amplification and filtering. Filt ...
... Extracellular recordings of single units were obtained with tungsten-in-glass microelectrodes (Merrill and Ainsworth 1972) with 15to 25- m exposed tips and plated with platinum black (impedance less than 0.5 MW at 1000 Hz). The Neurolog recording system was used for amplification and filtering. Filt ...
Meninges,Cerebrospinal Fluid, and the spinal cord
... Ascending pathways Two pathways transmit somatosensory information to the sensory cortex via the thalamus ...
... Ascending pathways Two pathways transmit somatosensory information to the sensory cortex via the thalamus ...
Mapping Horizontal Spread of Activity in Monkey Motor
... with these observations, anatomical studies revealed a dense network of horizontal connections linking distant cortical points of the motor cortex (Huntley and Jones, 1991; Keller, 1993; Weiss and Keller, 1994). In rodent, cat, and macaque monkey, these intrinsic connections preferentially link repr ...
... with these observations, anatomical studies revealed a dense network of horizontal connections linking distant cortical points of the motor cortex (Huntley and Jones, 1991; Keller, 1993; Weiss and Keller, 1994). In rodent, cat, and macaque monkey, these intrinsic connections preferentially link repr ...
Spinal nerve
... Anterior horn of interneurons • lateral horns occur only Anterior in T1-L2 parts of spinal cord; contain cell bodies ...
... Anterior horn of interneurons • lateral horns occur only Anterior in T1-L2 parts of spinal cord; contain cell bodies ...
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... The dendrites project out from the cell bodies are the primary receivers of signals from other neurons. The axon is a tail-like extension of the neuron. It transmits signals to other neurons. At the ends of the axons are the axon terminals. Signals move from the axon terminals to the dendrites ...
... The dendrites project out from the cell bodies are the primary receivers of signals from other neurons. The axon is a tail-like extension of the neuron. It transmits signals to other neurons. At the ends of the axons are the axon terminals. Signals move from the axon terminals to the dendrites ...
Crapse (2008) Corollary discharge across the animal kingdom
... “corollary discharge” (CD) to denote motor-related signals that influence sensory processing, but his conception was less specific as to where the branch from motor to sensory pathways should emerge. In this Review we compare motor-to-sensory circuits across different species and different levels of ...
... “corollary discharge” (CD) to denote motor-related signals that influence sensory processing, but his conception was less specific as to where the branch from motor to sensory pathways should emerge. In this Review we compare motor-to-sensory circuits across different species and different levels of ...
Attention induces synchronization-based response gain in steady
... coherence of neural population responses might provide a mechanism that is especially effective for increasing the salience of high-contrast stimuli. This would complement the attentional modulations of neuronal spike rates, which may be potentially limited by response saturation at high contrast. O ...
... coherence of neural population responses might provide a mechanism that is especially effective for increasing the salience of high-contrast stimuli. This would complement the attentional modulations of neuronal spike rates, which may be potentially limited by response saturation at high contrast. O ...
Mirror Neurons and Mirror Systems in Monkeys and Humans
... actions. The results showed activations in the parietofrontal circuit while they were watching hand actions. This finding demonstrates the brain mirrors actions that deviate from normal motor organization by recruiting motor representations involved in the execution of actions that achieve correspon ...
... actions. The results showed activations in the parietofrontal circuit while they were watching hand actions. This finding demonstrates the brain mirrors actions that deviate from normal motor organization by recruiting motor representations involved in the execution of actions that achieve correspon ...
Time Is Brain—Quantified
... first 2 weeks to 3 months poststroke. Unless fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) is used to suppress CSF background, magnetic resonance T2-weighted images may overestimate lesion size because of partial volume averaging. Also, both T2-weighted and FLAIR sequences are vulnerable to the foggin ...
... first 2 weeks to 3 months poststroke. Unless fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) is used to suppress CSF background, magnetic resonance T2-weighted images may overestimate lesion size because of partial volume averaging. Also, both T2-weighted and FLAIR sequences are vulnerable to the foggin ...
Cortical Plasticity - Lund University Publications
... see Fig. 2.1. It is organized so that the sensory information is processed in a series of relay regions, and this is a common organizational principle for sensory systems. For touch, there are only two relays on the path between the receptors in the skin and the somatosensory cortex. The receptor ne ...
... see Fig. 2.1. It is organized so that the sensory information is processed in a series of relay regions, and this is a common organizational principle for sensory systems. For touch, there are only two relays on the path between the receptors in the skin and the somatosensory cortex. The receptor ne ...
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... structures along the auditory pathways. Normally, acoustic signals result in relatively stereotyped activity of AN fibers, which is transformed and encoded in various discharge patterns by different cell types in the cochlear nucleus (CN) (for a review, see Rhode and Greenberg 1992; Romand and Avan ...
... structures along the auditory pathways. Normally, acoustic signals result in relatively stereotyped activity of AN fibers, which is transformed and encoded in various discharge patterns by different cell types in the cochlear nucleus (CN) (for a review, see Rhode and Greenberg 1992; Romand and Avan ...