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organic chemistry - Peoria Public Schools
... symmetrical structures). Branching increases m.p. as branched molecules can fit more closely together and more energy is needed to separate them; the lattice of a solid straight chained alkane is like wet spaghetti: molecules can easily slide over each other. Examples: melting point of octane, C8H8, ...
... symmetrical structures). Branching increases m.p. as branched molecules can fit more closely together and more energy is needed to separate them; the lattice of a solid straight chained alkane is like wet spaghetti: molecules can easily slide over each other. Examples: melting point of octane, C8H8, ...
Chemical Energetics
... Ionic equation(strong acid + strong base: H+(aq) + OH-(aq) 1 H2O (l), H neutralisation = -57 kJ mol-1 ...
... Ionic equation(strong acid + strong base: H+(aq) + OH-(aq) 1 H2O (l), H neutralisation = -57 kJ mol-1 ...
Presentation
... by chemical methods When they are broken down, the pieces have completely different properties than the compound. Made of molecules- two or more atoms ...
... by chemical methods When they are broken down, the pieces have completely different properties than the compound. Made of molecules- two or more atoms ...
Preparation of G-ORME
... Attempting to quantify the number of electrons remaining in an ORME is extremely difficult due to the electrons lost to oxidation, thermal treatment, and the inability (except from theory) to quantify electron pairs using electron quanta. It is established, however, that the ORME does not have valen ...
... Attempting to quantify the number of electrons remaining in an ORME is extremely difficult due to the electrons lost to oxidation, thermal treatment, and the inability (except from theory) to quantify electron pairs using electron quanta. It is established, however, that the ORME does not have valen ...
Document
... is analogous to the solar system, but with electrostatic forces providing attraction, rather than gravity. 2. Unlike planets, electrons can occupy only certain orbits. Each orbit represents a discrete energy state. In the Bohr model, the energy of a hydrogen atom is quantized. 3. Light is emitted by ...
... is analogous to the solar system, but with electrostatic forces providing attraction, rather than gravity. 2. Unlike planets, electrons can occupy only certain orbits. Each orbit represents a discrete energy state. In the Bohr model, the energy of a hydrogen atom is quantized. 3. Light is emitted by ...
Bose-Einstein Condensation
... • The fastest moving atoms move furthest from the minimum, to a position of highest energy (see the upper atom shown in the figure). • Magnetic resonance is used to reverse the moments of the most energetic atoms, causing them to leave the trap, which is now an energy maximum. • Slowly reducing the ...
... • The fastest moving atoms move furthest from the minimum, to a position of highest energy (see the upper atom shown in the figure). • Magnetic resonance is used to reverse the moments of the most energetic atoms, causing them to leave the trap, which is now an energy maximum. • Slowly reducing the ...
Problem-set10 32. Polarization of atomic hydrogen in the vicinity of a
... that the correction is 34 eV while the unperturbed energy is -108.8eV. Not that small. (e) Next you will use the variational principle to do the calculation. Instead of using Z=2 in Merzbacher (18.127) p478, you treat Z as a variational parameter. Confirm the results given at the bottom of this page ...
... that the correction is 34 eV while the unperturbed energy is -108.8eV. Not that small. (e) Next you will use the variational principle to do the calculation. Instead of using Z=2 in Merzbacher (18.127) p478, you treat Z as a variational parameter. Confirm the results given at the bottom of this page ...
m L
... • P orbitals exist in all shells where n> 2. • For a p orbital, L =1. • Therefore, mL = -1, 0, 1. Three values of mL means there are 3 porbitals in each “shell” n> 2. • In p-orbitals, electron density is concentrated in lobes around the nucleus along either the x, y, or z axis (These are labeled as ...
... • P orbitals exist in all shells where n> 2. • For a p orbital, L =1. • Therefore, mL = -1, 0, 1. Three values of mL means there are 3 porbitals in each “shell” n> 2. • In p-orbitals, electron density is concentrated in lobes around the nucleus along either the x, y, or z axis (These are labeled as ...
The chemical building blocks of life Carbon
... - Silicon has been proposed as a possible alternative for biological molecules Silicon based chemistry, however, is by far less flexible than carbon chemistry - Si not able to form double covalent bonds with the same easiness as C - The larger volume occupied by the external electronic orbitals of s ...
... - Silicon has been proposed as a possible alternative for biological molecules Silicon based chemistry, however, is by far less flexible than carbon chemistry - Si not able to form double covalent bonds with the same easiness as C - The larger volume occupied by the external electronic orbitals of s ...
Chemistry 1000 (Fall 2011) Problem Set #2: Orbitals and Electrons
... This is, of course, assuming that the name of each element is the same based on the identity and number of electrons in the last subshell. In the crazy world described by this question, who knows if that would be the case!!! Note that it is due to the competition between the effects of increasing qu ...
... This is, of course, assuming that the name of each element is the same based on the identity and number of electrons in the last subshell. In the crazy world described by this question, who knows if that would be the case!!! Note that it is due to the competition between the effects of increasing qu ...
Final Review 2006
... d. in its group. ____ 46. What can be predicted by using an activity series? a. whether a certain chemical reaction will occur b. the amount of energy released by a chemical reaction c. the electronegativity values of elements d. the melting points of elements ____ 47. According to the law of conser ...
... d. in its group. ____ 46. What can be predicted by using an activity series? a. whether a certain chemical reaction will occur b. the amount of energy released by a chemical reaction c. the electronegativity values of elements d. the melting points of elements ____ 47. According to the law of conser ...
What is the World Made of?
... suggested that some elements were inherently unstable, because these elements would spontaneously release different forms of energy. This release of energetic particles due to the decay of the unstable nuclei of atoms is called radioactivity. ...
... suggested that some elements were inherently unstable, because these elements would spontaneously release different forms of energy. This release of energetic particles due to the decay of the unstable nuclei of atoms is called radioactivity. ...
The end of classical physics: photons, electrons, atoms
... q/m for beta rays was the same as in cathode rays Measured the spectrum of alpha rays : it turned out to be the same as for He ...
... q/m for beta rays was the same as in cathode rays Measured the spectrum of alpha rays : it turned out to be the same as for He ...
CHAPTER 10: Molecules and Solids
... solids in 1912, using x-ray diffraction. The set of points in space occupied by atomic centers is called a lattice. ...
... solids in 1912, using x-ray diffraction. The set of points in space occupied by atomic centers is called a lattice. ...
The Behavior of Electrons in Atoms Spectrum of the Hydrogen Atom
... now wish to convert the energies of the emitted spectral photons into atomic energy levels for the excited atom. We do this by recognizing that photons are emitted when the atom transitions from a high energy state (excited) to a low energy state. This can be represented diagrammatically as below: ...
... now wish to convert the energies of the emitted spectral photons into atomic energy levels for the excited atom. We do this by recognizing that photons are emitted when the atom transitions from a high energy state (excited) to a low energy state. This can be represented diagrammatically as below: ...
Redox Reactions: Transferring Electrons
... whatever gizmo you have it hooked up to When a reaction transfers an electron from one substance to another we call it an “Oxidation-Reduction” reaction or Redox for short. If a substance is losing the electron it is being oxidized If a substance is gaining, it is being reduced. ...
... whatever gizmo you have it hooked up to When a reaction transfers an electron from one substance to another we call it an “Oxidation-Reduction” reaction or Redox for short. If a substance is losing the electron it is being oxidized If a substance is gaining, it is being reduced. ...
- Catalyst
... As chemists and other scientists seek to understand the principles that govern nature they employ what is called the scientific method. The first step in this method is ____. A) the proposal of a hypothesis B) the testing of a scientific law C) the application for a research grant D) the testing of ...
... As chemists and other scientists seek to understand the principles that govern nature they employ what is called the scientific method. The first step in this method is ____. A) the proposal of a hypothesis B) the testing of a scientific law C) the application for a research grant D) the testing of ...
Atoms – How Small, and How Large!
... deviations from ideal gas behaviour observed in different gaseous substances. He attributed this deviation to two factors, viz., interaction (forces) between two colliding atoms (or molecules), and their size, though very small but non-zero. His surmise was correct. Free atoms or molecules exert forc ...
... deviations from ideal gas behaviour observed in different gaseous substances. He attributed this deviation to two factors, viz., interaction (forces) between two colliding atoms (or molecules), and their size, though very small but non-zero. His surmise was correct. Free atoms or molecules exert forc ...
General and Organic Chemistry Review Primer
... the number of protons and neutrons. Calculating an element’s mass number is complicated by the existence of isotopes, atoms of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Many naturally occurring elements exist as a mixture of isotopes. For example, carbon has three ...
... the number of protons and neutrons. Calculating an element’s mass number is complicated by the existence of isotopes, atoms of an element with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Many naturally occurring elements exist as a mixture of isotopes. For example, carbon has three ...
Chemical bond
A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms that allows the formation of chemical substances that contain two or more atoms. The bond is caused by the electrostatic force of attraction between opposite charges, either between electrons and nuclei, or as the result of a dipole attraction. The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably; there are ""strong bonds"" such as covalent or ionic bonds and ""weak bonds"" such as Dipole-dipole interaction, the London dispersion force and hydrogen bonding.Since opposite charges attract via a simple electromagnetic force, the negatively charged electrons that are orbiting the nucleus and the positively charged protons in the nucleus attract each other. An electron positioned between two nuclei will be attracted to both of them, and the nuclei will be attracted toward electrons in this position. This attraction constitutes the chemical bond. Due to the matter wave nature of electrons and their smaller mass, they must occupy a much larger amount of volume compared with the nuclei, and this volume occupied by the electrons keeps the atomic nuclei relatively far apart, as compared with the size of the nuclei themselves. This phenomenon limits the distance between nuclei and atoms in a bond.In general, strong chemical bonding is associated with the sharing or transfer of electrons between the participating atoms. The atoms in molecules, crystals, metals and diatomic gases—indeed most of the physical environment around us—are held together by chemical bonds, which dictate the structure and the bulk properties of matter.All bonds can be explained by quantum theory, but, in practice, simplification rules allow chemists to predict the strength, directionality, and polarity of bonds. The octet rule and VSEPR theory are two examples. More sophisticated theories are valence bond theory which includes orbital hybridization and resonance, and the linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method which includes ligand field theory. Electrostatics are used to describe bond polarities and the effects they have on chemical substances.