Chemical Equations and Reactions
... or more substances are changed into one or more different substances. • In any chemical reaction, the original substances are known as the reactants and the resulting substances are known as the products. • According to the law of conservation of mass, the total mass of reactants must equal the tota ...
... or more substances are changed into one or more different substances. • In any chemical reaction, the original substances are known as the reactants and the resulting substances are known as the products. • According to the law of conservation of mass, the total mass of reactants must equal the tota ...
chemistry
... 59 A gas sample consisting of 2 moles of hydrogen and 1 mole of oxygen is collected over water at 29°C and 750 torr. What is the partial pressure of the hydrogen in the sample? ...
... 59 A gas sample consisting of 2 moles of hydrogen and 1 mole of oxygen is collected over water at 29°C and 750 torr. What is the partial pressure of the hydrogen in the sample? ...
Acid‒base reaction
... The hydrogen requirement of Arrhenius and Brønsted–Lowry was removed by the Lewis definition of acid–base reactions, devised by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1923,[12] in the same year as Brønsted–Lowry, but it was not elaborated by him until 1938.[2] Instead of defining acid–base reactions in terms of proton ...
... The hydrogen requirement of Arrhenius and Brønsted–Lowry was removed by the Lewis definition of acid–base reactions, devised by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1923,[12] in the same year as Brønsted–Lowry, but it was not elaborated by him until 1938.[2] Instead of defining acid–base reactions in terms of proton ...
Part1. Acid rain formation. 1. Discovery of acid rain.
... Nitric acid is more volatile and thus can exist in significant concentrations in the gas phase, while sulfuric acid has a very low vapor pressure under ambient conditions and hence exists in the form of particles. Nitric acid can relatively easily revolatilize even after forming the ammonium sal ...
... Nitric acid is more volatile and thus can exist in significant concentrations in the gas phase, while sulfuric acid has a very low vapor pressure under ambient conditions and hence exists in the form of particles. Nitric acid can relatively easily revolatilize even after forming the ammonium sal ...
Metals
... •The nucleus of the atom carries most of the mass. • It consists of the protons and neutrons surrounded by a cloud of electrons. The charge on the electron is –1 ...
... •The nucleus of the atom carries most of the mass. • It consists of the protons and neutrons surrounded by a cloud of electrons. The charge on the electron is –1 ...
9. Balancing Equations
... Na2O + BaCl2 - NaCl + BaO How many sodiums on the left? 2; how many on the right/ 1; put a coefficient 2 in front of the one on the right. How many oxygens on the left/ on the right/, etc. Na2O + BaCl2 - 2NaCl + BaO ...
... Na2O + BaCl2 - NaCl + BaO How many sodiums on the left? 2; how many on the right/ 1; put a coefficient 2 in front of the one on the right. How many oxygens on the left/ on the right/, etc. Na2O + BaCl2 - 2NaCl + BaO ...
CHEMICAL REACTIONS
... · One type of redox reactions are single replacement reactions. In these reactions an active metal replace a less active metal. · Activity series is a listing of metallic elements in descending order of reactivity. Hydrogen is also included in the series since it behaves similar to metals. · ...
... · One type of redox reactions are single replacement reactions. In these reactions an active metal replace a less active metal. · Activity series is a listing of metallic elements in descending order of reactivity. Hydrogen is also included in the series since it behaves similar to metals. · ...
Ch 8 Lecture Notes
... internuclear distance, the more insoluble the compound is. α (alpha) means “is proportional to” Q+ = charge on the cation Q- = charge on the anion d = internuclear distance ...
... internuclear distance, the more insoluble the compound is. α (alpha) means “is proportional to” Q+ = charge on the cation Q- = charge on the anion d = internuclear distance ...
Summer Assignment for AP Chemistry: I hope you are all ready for a
... Writing chemical equations is also an essential skill. In Chem I, you used the rxns packet to help you predict products of reactions. In AP Chem, you have to memorize all of that information and more! Zoikes! Don’t worry; you’ll learn it a little at a time. But, you should at least be able to do it ...
... Writing chemical equations is also an essential skill. In Chem I, you used the rxns packet to help you predict products of reactions. In AP Chem, you have to memorize all of that information and more! Zoikes! Don’t worry; you’ll learn it a little at a time. But, you should at least be able to do it ...
chem16 part2 lect1 thermodynamics
... solid at 0 K is zero. • This law permits us to measure the absolute values of the entropy for substances. – To get the actual value of S, cool a substance to 0 K, or as close as possible, then measure the entropy increase as the substance heats from 0 to higher temperatures. – Appendix K has values ...
... solid at 0 K is zero. • This law permits us to measure the absolute values of the entropy for substances. – To get the actual value of S, cool a substance to 0 K, or as close as possible, then measure the entropy increase as the substance heats from 0 to higher temperatures. – Appendix K has values ...
Student Exploration Sheet: Growing Plants
... Introduction: Chemical equations show how compounds and elements react with one another. An element is a substance consisting of one kind of atom, such as aluminum (Al) or oxygen gas (O 2). A compound is a substance made of more than one kind of atom, such as water (H 2O) or table salt (NaCl). Quest ...
... Introduction: Chemical equations show how compounds and elements react with one another. An element is a substance consisting of one kind of atom, such as aluminum (Al) or oxygen gas (O 2). A compound is a substance made of more than one kind of atom, such as water (H 2O) or table salt (NaCl). Quest ...
unit 6 - writing and balancing chemical equations
... In chemistry, we use symbols to represent the various chemicals. Success in chemistry depends upon developing a strong familiarity with these basic symbols. A chemical equation is an expression of a chemical process. For example: AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) In this equation, AgNO3 is ...
... In chemistry, we use symbols to represent the various chemicals. Success in chemistry depends upon developing a strong familiarity with these basic symbols. A chemical equation is an expression of a chemical process. For example: AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(aq) AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq) In this equation, AgNO3 is ...
Chapter 3 Reading
... A mixture of 1.50 mol of Al and 3.00 mol of Cl2 is •Often, one or more reactants is present in excess. allowed to react. (a) Which is the limiting reactant? •Therefore, at the end of reaction those reactants present in excess will (b) How many moles of AlCl3 are formed? still be in the reaction mixt ...
... A mixture of 1.50 mol of Al and 3.00 mol of Cl2 is •Often, one or more reactants is present in excess. allowed to react. (a) Which is the limiting reactant? •Therefore, at the end of reaction those reactants present in excess will (b) How many moles of AlCl3 are formed? still be in the reaction mixt ...
Chapter 6 Chemical Reactions and Change
... Consider the reaction of paper which is mainly cellulose, (C6H10O5)n with oxygen Does a reaction occur? What are the products? Why doesn’t paper react spontaneously with oxygen? or does it? ...
... Consider the reaction of paper which is mainly cellulose, (C6H10O5)n with oxygen Does a reaction occur? What are the products? Why doesn’t paper react spontaneously with oxygen? or does it? ...
Science Notes on Physical and Chemical Properties
... Characteristic A feature of matter that is specific to the substance and does NOT change with the amount Property of substance…example…density, melting point and boiling point are characteristic properties ...
... Characteristic A feature of matter that is specific to the substance and does NOT change with the amount Property of substance…example…density, melting point and boiling point are characteristic properties ...
Lecture 6
... Consider the reaction of paper which is mainly cellulose, (C6H10O5)n with oxygen Does a reaction occur? ...
... Consider the reaction of paper which is mainly cellulose, (C6H10O5)n with oxygen Does a reaction occur? ...
Microsoft Word
... Redox reactions are characterized by a transfer of electrons. An atom is oxidized (loses electrons) if its oxidation number increases (becomes more positive) in a chemical reaction; an atom is reduced (gains electrons) if its oxidation number decreases. ...
... Redox reactions are characterized by a transfer of electrons. An atom is oxidized (loses electrons) if its oxidation number increases (becomes more positive) in a chemical reaction; an atom is reduced (gains electrons) if its oxidation number decreases. ...
Higher Chemistry summary 3a
... more easily automated using computer control smaller work force operates round the clock, 365 days per year tend to operate with relatively low volumes of reactants allowing easy removal of excess heat energy ...
... more easily automated using computer control smaller work force operates round the clock, 365 days per year tend to operate with relatively low volumes of reactants allowing easy removal of excess heat energy ...
Redox Reactions C12-1-10
... losing electrons (being oxidized), the other is gaining electrons (being reduced) Oxidation numbers can be helpful in determining whether a reaction is redox or non-redox. When a change in oxidation number occurs in a reaction, with both an increase in number and a decrease in number, then the react ...
... losing electrons (being oxidized), the other is gaining electrons (being reduced) Oxidation numbers can be helpful in determining whether a reaction is redox or non-redox. When a change in oxidation number occurs in a reaction, with both an increase in number and a decrease in number, then the react ...
Test-tube Reactions - University of Manitoba
... losing electrons (being oxidized), the other is gaining electrons (being reduced) Oxidation numbers can be helpful in determining whether a reaction is redox or non-redox. When a change in oxidation number occurs in a reaction, with both an increase in number and a decrease in number, then the react ...
... losing electrons (being oxidized), the other is gaining electrons (being reduced) Oxidation numbers can be helpful in determining whether a reaction is redox or non-redox. When a change in oxidation number occurs in a reaction, with both an increase in number and a decrease in number, then the react ...
Final Exam Study Guide Page 1 Quiz
... a. Is completely used up in the reaction b. Will have some amount unchanged, or leftover, after the reaction c. Cannot be calculated without performing the reaction d. Has no effect in the amount of product formed ...
... a. Is completely used up in the reaction b. Will have some amount unchanged, or leftover, after the reaction c. Cannot be calculated without performing the reaction d. Has no effect in the amount of product formed ...
1 Lecture 11. Redox Chemistry Many elements in the periodic table
... The most important diagenetic reactions are chemical transformations after burial. Some diagenetic reactions are driven by redox reactions; in particular, the oxidation of organic matter is a primary reaction occurring in surficial sediments, as discussed previously. Diagenetic alteration continues ...
... The most important diagenetic reactions are chemical transformations after burial. Some diagenetic reactions are driven by redox reactions; in particular, the oxidation of organic matter is a primary reaction occurring in surficial sediments, as discussed previously. Diagenetic alteration continues ...
Lewis acid catalysis
In Lewis acid catalysis of organic reactions, a metal-based Lewis acid acts as an electron pair acceptor to increase the reactivity of a substrate. Common Lewis acid catalysts are based on main group metals such as aluminum, boron, silicon, and tin, as well as many early (titanium, zirconium) and late (iron, copper, zinc) d-block metals. The metal atom forms an adduct with a lone-pair bearing electronegative atom in the substrate, such as oxygen (both sp2 or sp3), nitrogen, sulfur, and halogens. The complexation has partial charge-transfer character and makes the lone-pair donor effectively more electronegative, activating the substrate toward nucleophilic attack, heterolytic bond cleavage, or cycloaddition with 1,3-dienes and 1,3-dipoles.Many classical reactions involving carbon–carbon or carbon–heteroatom bond formation can be catalyzed by Lewis acids. Examples include the Friedel-Crafts reaction, the aldol reaction, and various pericyclic processes that proceed slowly at room temperature, such as the Diels-Alder reaction and the ene reaction. In addition to accelerating the reactions, Lewis acid catalysts are able to impose regioselectivity and stereoselectivity in many cases.Early developments in Lewis acid reagents focused on easily available compounds such as TiCl4, BF3, SnCl4, and AlCl3. The relative strengths of these (and other) Lewis acids may be estimated from NMR spectroscopy by the Childs method or the Gutmann-Beckett method. Over the years, versatile catalysts bearing ligands designed for specific applications have facilitated improvement in both reactivity and selectivity of Lewis acid-catalyzed reactions. More recently, Lewis acid catalysts with chiral ligands have become an important class of tools for asymmetric catalysis.Challenges in the development of Lewis acid catalysis include inefficient catalyst turnover (caused by catalyst affinity for the product) and the frequent requirement of two-point binding for stereoselectivity, which often necessitates the use of auxiliary groups.