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... – ATP, NADPH (NAD+), FADH (FAD+), FADH2 • ATP supplies most of the energy that drives metabolism in living things • ATP releases energy when converted into ADP ...
Photosynthesis
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Fluorescence of Chlorophyll

... electron is in its normal orbital, the pigment molecule is said to be in its ground state. After absorption of a photon boosts an electron to an orbital of higher energy, the pigment molecule is said to be in an excited state. The only photons absorbed are those whose energy is exactly equal to the ...
Exam 2 Key Fa08
Exam 2 Key Fa08

... b) oxidative phosphorylation / substrate-level phosphorylation [Both processes produce ATP. OP produces ATP through use of an electron transport chain where oxygen is the final electron acceptor. Substrate-level phosphorylation is the production of ATP by transferring a phosphate group from a substr ...
Chloroplast
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File
File

... Substrate level phosphorylation: occurs when ATP is formed directly by the addition of a phosphate to ADP. Occurs both in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Oxidative phosphorylation: energy in the form of electrons is released stepwise from oxidized organic compounds (e.g. glucose) to electron carrier ...
File
File

... Substrate level phosphorylation: occurs when ATP is formed directly by the addition of a phosphate to ADP. Occurs both in glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Oxidative phosphorylation: energy in the form of electrons is released stepwise from oxidized organic compounds (e.g. glucose) to electron carrier ...
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File - Biology with Radjewski

... molecules of ATP must be hydrolyzed to start the process  30 molecules of NADH are produced  6 molecules of FADH2 are produced  18 molecules of ATP are produced via substrate phosphorylation (12 in glycolysis and 6 in Krebs)  18 molecules of water are produced in ETS  18 molecules of CO2 are re ...
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3rd Fall - rci.rutgers.edu

... A) Driven by the difference in transmembrane solute concentration; B) Driven by ATP; C) Not saturable by the transported substrate; D) Driven by an electrochemical proton gradient; E) Not specific with respect to the substrate. 7. Which type of membrane transport systems uses ATP hydrolysis as an en ...
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complete week three vocabulary

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... The light reactions require light to remove an electron from water to make oxygen in Photosystem II, then use the energy to create a proton gradient that is used to generate ATP, then use additional light to re-excite the electron in photosystem I and ultimately create NADPH. These reactions stop in ...
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Microbial Metabolism

... • ATP is generated by the phosphorylation of ADP • Substrate-level phosphorylation is the transfer of a high-energy PO4– to ADP. • Energy released from the transfer of electrons (oxidation) of one compound to another (reduction) is used to generate ATP by chemiosmosis. = ________________________ • L ...
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Notes Chapter 6 Photosynthesis

...  In plants and algae, photosynthesis occurs inside the chloroplasts.  White light from the sun is composed of an array of colors called the visible spectrum. Different colors in the visible spectrum have different wavelengths.  Pigments absorb certain colors of light and reflect or transmit the o ...
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Study guide 4 and 6
Study guide 4 and 6

... Bacteria divide by binary fission—what does this mean? Are the daughter cells identical to the parent cell? Biofilms are sticky layers of bacteria that can grow on surfaces. Can you think of surfaces where this would be a problem? Why might bacteria form a biofilm? When growing bacteria in the lab, ...
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Light-dependent reactions

In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.[.The two photosystems absorb light energy through pigments - primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATPThe two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
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