• Study Resource
  • Explore Categories
    • Arts & Humanities
    • Business
    • Engineering & Technology
    • Foreign Language
    • History
    • Math
    • Science
    • Social Science

    Top subcategories

    • Advanced Math
    • Algebra
    • Basic Math
    • Calculus
    • Geometry
    • Linear Algebra
    • Pre-Algebra
    • Pre-Calculus
    • Statistics And Probability
    • Trigonometry
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Astronomy
    • Astrophysics
    • Biology
    • Chemistry
    • Earth Science
    • Environmental Science
    • Health Science
    • Physics
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Anthropology
    • Law
    • Political Science
    • Psychology
    • Sociology
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Accounting
    • Economics
    • Finance
    • Management
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Aerospace Engineering
    • Bioengineering
    • Chemical Engineering
    • Civil Engineering
    • Computer Science
    • Electrical Engineering
    • Industrial Engineering
    • Mechanical Engineering
    • Web Design
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Architecture
    • Communications
    • English
    • Gender Studies
    • Music
    • Performing Arts
    • Philosophy
    • Religious Studies
    • Writing
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Ancient History
    • European History
    • US History
    • World History
    • other →

    Top subcategories

    • Croatian
    • Czech
    • Finnish
    • Greek
    • Hindi
    • Japanese
    • Korean
    • Persian
    • Swedish
    • Turkish
    • other →
 
Profile Documents Logout
Upload
Notes
Notes

... B) Acids generally have a low pH on the pH scale (1–6.9) 1) The more H+ ions released by the substance the more acidic the solution is (closer to 1) C) Acids are also known as hydrogen donors 2. Bases (alkalines) are biological compounds that release hydroxide ions (OH-) when placed in solution A) S ...
Cell Respiration
Cell Respiration

... Unlike the explosive release of heat energy that occurs when H 2 and O2 are combined (with a spark for activation energy), cellular respiration uses an electron transport chain to break the fall of electrons to O2 into several steps. ...
chapter 9 cellular respiration: harvesting chemical energy
chapter 9 cellular respiration: harvesting chemical energy

... Unlike the explosive release of heat energy that occurs when H 2 and O2 are combined (with a spark for activation energy), cellular respiration uses an electron transport chain to break the fall of electrons to O2 into several steps. ...
bme-biochem-5-1-atp-adp-cycle-kh-6
bme-biochem-5-1-atp-adp-cycle-kh-6

... Lipolysis: break down lipids Beta Oxidation: breaking a fatty acid into 2 carbon compounds Lipogenesis: formation of lipids from non-lipids ...
Cellular respiration *vs
Cellular respiration *vs

... We also need oxygen which we breath in… • The oxygen travels from our lungs through our bloodstream into small and then smaller and then smaller blood vessels until it reaches our cells. ...
THINK-PAIR
THINK-PAIR

... • Where does CR take place in prokaryotes and in eukaryotes? • Explain the role of an electrochemical gradient in forming ATP molecules. • What would happen with the process of cellular respiration if mitochondria would be punctured? ...
Chapter 2 2.1 Chemical Elements 1. Matter is defined as anything
Chapter 2 2.1 Chemical Elements 1. Matter is defined as anything

... radiation can sterilize products and kill cancer cells. F. Electrons and Energy 1. Electrons occupy orbitals within various energy levels (or electron shells) near or distant from the nucleus of the atom. The farther the orbital from the nucleus, the higher the energy level. 2. An orbital is a volum ...
Chemistry - Biology Junction
Chemistry - Biology Junction

... c. When toxins are leached into the soil, the toxins can kill vital soil fungi that help roots absorb nutrients. Impact on Humans and Structures a. Inhaling dry acidic particles can increase the chance of respiratory illnesses ...
Fulltext PDF
Fulltext PDF

... During summer, the leaves of trees are factories producing sugar from carbon dioxide and water by the action of light on chlorophyll. Chlorophyll causes the leaves to appear green. (The leaves of some trees, such as birches and cottonwoods, also contain carotene; these leaves appear brighter green, ...
PowerPoint
PowerPoint

... several chemical processes to occur within the plant for survival. These reactions allow the plant to produce food, expel waste, and regulate plant temperature. Three of the most important reactions that occur within a tree are photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration. ...
harvesting chemical energy
harvesting chemical energy

... with the hydrogen from methane to form water, the electrons of the covalent bonds are drawn closer to the oxygen.  In effect, each oxygen atom has partially “gained” electrons, and so the oxygen molecule has been reduced.  Oxygen is very electronegative, and is one of the most potent of all oxidiz ...
Key - Photosynthesis and Respiration Overview
Key - Photosynthesis and Respiration Overview

... ATP is the energy rich form. ADP is the energy poor form. NADPH is the energy rich form. ...
How Cells Harvest Energy
How Cells Harvest Energy

... Energy given off by the electron transfers is used to pump H+ across the inner membrane into the outer compartment This creates a chemical/electrical gradient • A form of potential energy • An ATP-synthesizing enzyme uses this energy to make ATP ...
ATP - FTHS Wiki
ATP - FTHS Wiki

... molecules such as glucose and other sugars made in photosynthesis. • The type of energy released is • ATP powers all work within cells. ATP Glucose ...
Ch_10 photosynthesis calvin cycle
Ch_10 photosynthesis calvin cycle

... Photosynthesis summary  Light reactions produced ATP  produced NADPH  consumed H2O  produced O2 as byproduct ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis

... These organisms use light energy to drive the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and (in most cases) water. They feed not only themselves, but the entire living world. (a) On land, plants are the predominant producers of food. In aquatic environments, photosynthetic organisms include ...
Exam 2 Review Sheet - Iowa State University
Exam 2 Review Sheet - Iowa State University

... 5.) Enzymes are usually which biological molecule? A. Lipid B. Protein C. Carbohydrate D. Nucleic Acid 6.) An enzyme catalyzes a chemical reaction by: A. increasing the energy of the reaction. B. lowering the energy of the products. C. lowering the activation energy. D. raising the energy of the pro ...
oxygen - Educator Pages
oxygen - Educator Pages

... respiration. _______________ process by which plants use light from food After the the sun to make _______. photosynthesis happens, then the cells in the plant use cellular respiration to food into _________ energy that the turn this ______ plant can actually use. Photosynthesis before respiration c ...
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration

... which looks a little like a turbine. As its name implies, ATP synthase is an enzyme that synthesizes ATP. Just as water running through a turbine in a dam can generate energy that is converted to electricity, H+ flowing through the ATP synthase “turbine” can generate energy that is used to combine A ...
Summer Assignment
Summer Assignment

... We are very excited to have so many promising students sign-up for AP Chemistry. Often called the “central science”, chemistry is truly the best class you will ever take in high school. Our goal is to prepare you for the AP exam, for college chemistry and for life as an informed member of our republ ...
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis

... in sunlight and uses it to make food is called photosynthesis. Nearly all living things obtain energy either directly or indirectly from the energy of sunlight captured during photosynthesis. Plants, such as grass, use energy from the sun to make their own food through the process of photosynthesis. ...
Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy
Chapter 9 – Cellular Respiration: Harvesting Chemical Energy

... When methane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, electrons end up farther away from the carbon atom and closer to their new covalent partners, the oxygen atoms, which are very electronegative. ...
chapter 9 cellular respiration: harvesting chemical
chapter 9 cellular respiration: harvesting chemical

...  When methane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, electrons end up farther away from the carbon atom and closer to their new covalent partners, the oxygen atoms, which are very electronegative.  In effect, the carbon atom has partially “lost” its shared electrons. Thus, methane has been oxi ...
09_DetailLectOut_jkAR
09_DetailLectOut_jkAR

...  When methane reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide, electrons end up farther away from the carbon atom and closer to their new covalent partners, the oxygen atoms, which are very electronegative.  In effect, the carbon atom has partially “lost” its shared electrons. Thus, methane has ...
Picture Guide to Chapter 4
Picture Guide to Chapter 4

...  Each atom of carbon has four electrons in its outer energy level, which makes it possible for each carbon atom to form four bonds with other atoms.  As a result, carbon atoms can form long chains.  A huge number of different carbon compounds exist.  Each compound has a different structure.  Fo ...
< 1 ... 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 ... 286 >

Light-dependent reactions

In photosynthesis, the light-dependent reactions take place on the thylakoid membranes. The inside of the thylakoid membrane is called the lumen, and outside the thylakoid membrane is the stroma, where the light-independent reactions take place. The thylakoid membrane contains some integral membrane protein complexes that catalyze the light reactions. There are four major protein complexes in the thylakoid membrane: Photosystem II (PSII), Cytochrome b6f complex, Photosystem I (PSI), and ATP synthase. These four complexes work together to ultimately create the products ATP and NADPH.[.The two photosystems absorb light energy through pigments - primarily the chlorophylls, which are responsible for the green color of leaves. The light-dependent reactions begin in photosystem II. When a chlorophyll a molecule within the reaction center of PSII absorbs a photon, an electron in this molecule attains a higher energy level. Because this state of an electron is very unstable, the electron is transferred from one to another molecule creating a chain of redox reactions, called an electron transport chain (ETC). The electron flow goes from PSII to cytochrome b6f to PSI. In PSI, the electron gets the energy from another photon. The final electron acceptor is NADP. In oxygenic photosynthesis, the first electron donor is water, creating oxygen as a waste product. In anoxygenic photosynthesis various electron donors are used.Cytochrome b6f and ATP synthase work together to create ATP. This process is called photophosphorylation, which occurs in two different ways. In non-cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from PSII to pump protons from the stroma to the lumen. The proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane creates a proton-motive force, used by ATP synthase to form ATP. In cyclic photophosphorylation, cytochrome b6f uses the energy of electrons from not only PSII but also PSI to create more ATP and to stop the production of NADPH. Cyclic phosphorylation is important to create ATP and maintain NADPH in the right proportion for the light-independent reactions.The net-reaction of all light-dependent reactions in oxygenic photosynthesis is:2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2 + 2NADPH + 3ATPThe two photosystems are protein complexes that absorb photons and are able to use this energy to create an electron transport chain. Photosystem I and II are very similar in structure and function. They use special proteins, called light-harvesting complexes, to absorb the photons with very high effectiveness. If a special pigment molecule in a photosynthetic reaction center absorbs a photon, an electron in this pigment attains the excited state and then is transferred to another molecule in the reaction center. This reaction, called photoinduced charge separation, is the start of the electron flow and is unique because it transforms light energy into chemical forms.
  • studyres.com © 2026
  • DMCA
  • Privacy
  • Terms
  • Report