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Big Idea #3
Big Idea #3

... to these sites and either block or increase gene activity.  Poly A tail and a 5’cap are added to an RNA message before it leaves the nucleus. Sometimes, these end caps can be removed to reduce gene activity.  Alternative splicing: occurs when dif ferent introns (noncoding regions of DNA) are splic ...
Core – Practice test 4
Core – Practice test 4

... meiosis, how many chromosomes will the resulting cells have? ...
Genetics Study Guide
Genetics Study Guide

... What is the difference between phenotype & genotype? What are the 4 nucleotides that make up DNA? What does DNA stand for? Who discovered that DNA is in the form of a double helix? Who is the father of modern genetics, he discovered that you inherit one gene from each parent? Who developed a fingerp ...
Genes for Speed or Endurance?
Genes for Speed or Endurance?

... Decide on the ACTN3 genotype from your gel results and write it down. Note ideas on whether this type of testing is useful Note ideas on any issues it may raise FOR INTEREST: What is polymerase chain reaction (PCR)? PCR copies defined pieces of DNA sequence so there is enough to study in the laborat ...
Midterm Exam Review 1. How many chromosomes are in a “normal
Midterm Exam Review 1. How many chromosomes are in a “normal

... Homologous = similar structure, different function (limbs of mammals) Analogous = different structure, same function (wings of moth, bat, bird all used for flying) Vestigial = structure that is smaller is size or is no longer used. Evidence of ancestor with that trait. Ex. Leg bones in whales; appen ...
PDF file
PDF file

... Chemical synthesis of DNA and RNA Custom-designed oligonucleotides are available commercially and are used routinely in numerous experimental procedures. For example, oligonucleotides are used as template primers in DNA sequencing and PCR reactions, and for the incorporation of sitespecific mutation ...
DNA Notes
DNA Notes

... - When a cell is not dividing, DNA is in the form of chromatin. - Loosely packed DNA that is wrapped around proteins (called histones) ...
DNA Structure, Replication, and Repair
DNA Structure, Replication, and Repair

... Requires new primer for every okazaki fragment (100 – 200 nucleotides) Fragments joined by ligase ...
Name - Mr. Spechts world of Science
Name - Mr. Spechts world of Science

... The best explanation for this change in the shape of wings is that the: (1) genes for curly wings and genes for straight wings are found on different chromosomes (2) type of genes present in the fruit fly is dependent on environmental temperature (3) environment affects the expression of the genes f ...
Genetic Engineering Activity Directions: Follow the steps below to
Genetic Engineering Activity Directions: Follow the steps below to

... donor organism’s DNA by using a restriction enzyme. In this example, we will be using the restriction enzyme EcoRI to cut out the gene that makes human insulin. EcoRI recognizes the DNA sequence CTTAAG and GAATTC, cleaving (cutting) between the A/G and G/A. a. Find the human cell. Extract the donor ...
Genomics – The Language of DNA
Genomics – The Language of DNA

... because a repeat unit consists of only 1 to 6 bp and the whole repetitive region spans less than 150 bp. Similar to minisatellites, the number of repeats for a given microsatellite may differ between individuals. Therefore, microsatellites can also be used for DNA fingerprinting ...
Genetics Unit Study guide
Genetics Unit Study guide

... What is the name for the sugar in RNA nucleotides? What type of structure is an RNA strand? How many RNA nucleotide bases are there? What are their names? What types of RNA are there? What is the function of each type of RNA? How is mRNA made? Where is mRNA made? What is transcription? What is trans ...
Plasmid modeling Use beads to demonstrate how a gene is
Plasmid modeling Use beads to demonstrate how a gene is

... code for specific traits through genome studies (discovering the DNA of an entire organism). Proteins, called restriction enzymes, have been discovered and used to cut out the desired gene from the strand of DNA. Scientists have also used various bacteria to act as vectors that can carry genetic mat ...
2012 Boc314 TT02m(1) - Learning
2012 Boc314 TT02m(1) - Learning

... The genomes of eukaryotes are much larger The intergenic regions are much larger Eukaryotic genes have introns within them ...
Part 1
Part 1

... (RNA or protein) is defined as a gene. Thousands of genes within an organism encode messages or blueprints for production, by gene expression, of specific protein and RNA products that play essential metabolic roles in the cell. All genes taken together within an organism comprise that organism’s ge ...
The Human Genome Project
The Human Genome Project

... you still have the child? Abortion or Adoption? Should other people like the police have access to your genetic information? Should insurance companies or employers have access to your genetic information? Should your doctors have a copy of your genome? Should we use gene therapy to cure diseases? “ ...
NAME
NAME

... CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION- This type of mutation involves changes in the number or structure of chromosomes. Such mutation may change the location of genes on chromosomes, and may even change the number of copies of some genes. ...
Bio-inspired Programmable Self
Bio-inspired Programmable Self

... • Conventional synthetic approaches for such self-assembling systems are not efficient enough ...
Eukaryotic Gene Regulation
Eukaryotic Gene Regulation

... Chemical modification of chromatin also regulates transcription 1)DNA methylation Attachment of -CH3 groups to DNA bases (cytosine) after DNA synthesis Inactive DNA is highly methylated (removing can possibly activate genes) ...
Biology Study Guide
Biology Study Guide

...  List the seven levels of biological classification from simple to complex.  Name the six kingdoms and identify the following for each: --prokaryote/eukaryote --sexual/asexual reproduction --autotrophic/heterotrophic  What is a domain? Bacteria and Viruses (Chapter 18):  How/why have bacteria be ...
Chapter 12 DNA and RNA - Northwestern High School
Chapter 12 DNA and RNA - Northwestern High School

... • Helicases separate the DNA strands. • Enzyme called DNA polymerase start the replication • Semi-conservative – not all of it is new. • Replicates in both directions until done, read in only one direction. ...
Word version
Word version

... Homework Assignment: define each of these types of inheritance in 1-2 sentences DNA DNA from all organisms is made up of the same chemical and physical components. The DNA sequence is the particular side-byside arrangement of bases along the DNA strand (e.g., ATTCCGGA). This order spells out the exa ...
BACTERIA TRANSFORMATION LAB (ACTIVITY)
BACTERIA TRANSFORMATION LAB (ACTIVITY)

... One of the ways that bacteria remain genetically diverse is through the naturally occurring processes of transformation. During transformation bacteria take up plasmid DNA from their environment. Plasmids are small, circular pieces DNA that can be exchanged naturally between bacteria. Plasmids may c ...
Developing a new genetic system in bacteria
Developing a new genetic system in bacteria

Codon Wheel - Your Genome
Codon Wheel - Your Genome

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Molecular cloning



Molecular cloning is a set of experimental methods in molecular biology that are used to assemble recombinant DNA molecules and to direct their replication within host organisms. The use of the word cloning refers to the fact that the method involves the replication of one molecule to produce a population of cells with identical DNA molecules. Molecular cloning generally uses DNA sequences from two different organisms: the species that is the source of the DNA to be cloned, and the species that will serve as the living host for replication of the recombinant DNA. Molecular cloning methods are central to many contemporary areas of modern biology and medicine.In a conventional molecular cloning experiment, the DNA to be cloned is obtained from an organism of interest, then treated with enzymes in the test tube to generate smaller DNA fragments. Subsequently, these fragments are then combined with vector DNA to generate recombinant DNA molecules. The recombinant DNA is then introduced into a host organism (typically an easy-to-grow, benign, laboratory strain of E. coli bacteria). This will generate a population of organisms in which recombinant DNA molecules are replicated along with the host DNA. Because they contain foreign DNA fragments, these are transgenic or genetically modified microorganisms (GMO). This process takes advantage of the fact that a single bacterial cell can be induced to take up and replicate a single recombinant DNA molecule. This single cell can then be expanded exponentially to generate a large amount of bacteria, each of which contain copies of the original recombinant molecule. Thus, both the resulting bacterial population, and the recombinant DNA molecule, are commonly referred to as ""clones"". Strictly speaking, recombinant DNA refers to DNA molecules, while molecular cloning refers to the experimental methods used to assemble them.
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