Attractor concretion as a mechanism for the formation of context
... number of trials, the CS-reinforcement contingencies were reversed and monkeys had to learn the new contingencies. In the experiments, the CS–US associations were reversed only once. However, in principle, the two contexts defined by the sets of CS–US associations could be alternated multiple times. ...
... number of trials, the CS-reinforcement contingencies were reversed and monkeys had to learn the new contingencies. In the experiments, the CS–US associations were reversed only once. However, in principle, the two contexts defined by the sets of CS–US associations could be alternated multiple times. ...
Perceptual and Semantic Contributions to
... Stimuli were likewise analyzed in terms of their mean harmonics-tonoise ratio (HNR), which was calculated using PRAAT software (http:// www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/). This is a method to quantify and compare dynamic acoustic properties (i.e., periodicity) of sounds (Lewis et al. 2005). The mean (±stand ...
... Stimuli were likewise analyzed in terms of their mean harmonics-tonoise ratio (HNR), which was calculated using PRAAT software (http:// www.fon.hum.uva.nl/praat/). This is a method to quantify and compare dynamic acoustic properties (i.e., periodicity) of sounds (Lewis et al. 2005). The mean (±stand ...
Optic Glomeruli and Their Inputs inDrosophilaShare an
... Studying the insect visual system provides important data on the basic neural mechanisms underlying visual processing. As in vertebrates, the first step in visual processing in insects is through a series of retinotopic neurons. Recent studies on flies have found that these converge onto assemblies ...
... Studying the insect visual system provides important data on the basic neural mechanisms underlying visual processing. As in vertebrates, the first step in visual processing in insects is through a series of retinotopic neurons. Recent studies on flies have found that these converge onto assemblies ...
Review Energy limitation as a selective pressure on the evolution of
... are equally applicable throughout the nervous system. Examples are taken from a wide range of sensory modalities in both vertebrates and invertebrates. We aim to place the studies we review into an evolutionary framework. We combine experimentally determined measures of energy consumption from whole ...
... are equally applicable throughout the nervous system. Examples are taken from a wide range of sensory modalities in both vertebrates and invertebrates. We aim to place the studies we review into an evolutionary framework. We combine experimentally determined measures of energy consumption from whole ...
Text S1.
... could have differentiated into an axon. The discrepancy between random choice at 1-2 DIV and axonal preference along L1 at 3 DIV corresponds to failures of polarization along curved lines. It is thus possible to calculate a success probability for a neurite to become an axon when growing over a curv ...
... could have differentiated into an axon. The discrepancy between random choice at 1-2 DIV and axonal preference along L1 at 3 DIV corresponds to failures of polarization along curved lines. It is thus possible to calculate a success probability for a neurite to become an axon when growing over a curv ...
Strasbourg, 15 April 1996 - Neurobiology and Developmental
... 2. R21DA026577-01: (submitted on 06/16/2008) PI: Hayar, 4.0 calendar, NIH/NIDA, Title: “Modulation of brainstem cardiovascular neurons by drugs of addiction”, 04/01/2009 – 03/31/2011, Direct costs: $375,000/2 years. 3. R21NS063098-01A1: (submitted on 07/16/2008) PI: Hayar, 4.0 calendar, NIH/NINDS, T ...
... 2. R21DA026577-01: (submitted on 06/16/2008) PI: Hayar, 4.0 calendar, NIH/NIDA, Title: “Modulation of brainstem cardiovascular neurons by drugs of addiction”, 04/01/2009 – 03/31/2011, Direct costs: $375,000/2 years. 3. R21NS063098-01A1: (submitted on 07/16/2008) PI: Hayar, 4.0 calendar, NIH/NINDS, T ...
$doc.title
... Conduction within neurons: origin of the resting potential, cable conduction, generation of action potentials, conduction of action potentials. Conduction between neurons (synaptic transmission): electrical and chemical ...
... Conduction within neurons: origin of the resting potential, cable conduction, generation of action potentials, conduction of action potentials. Conduction between neurons (synaptic transmission): electrical and chemical ...
Behavioural Brain Research Learning processing in the basal ganglia
... The concept of corticostriatal convergence and disperse repetition of matrisomes in the striatum is in contrast to the concept of segregated and parallel corticostriatal circuits. There is a current debate about which of these concepts better explains corticostriatal functioning [22,72]. Many studie ...
... The concept of corticostriatal convergence and disperse repetition of matrisomes in the striatum is in contrast to the concept of segregated and parallel corticostriatal circuits. There is a current debate about which of these concepts better explains corticostriatal functioning [22,72]. Many studie ...
Rat Thought-Controlled Robot Arm
... Fig. 4. Comparison of modes of movement ‘coding’ in lever-movement/robot-arm mode. Vertical dotted lines indicate starts and stops of lever movement. (a) Spike train rasters from three neurons showing low, middle and high correlation with forelimb movement. (b) Stripchart of 32-neuron NP function (N ...
... Fig. 4. Comparison of modes of movement ‘coding’ in lever-movement/robot-arm mode. Vertical dotted lines indicate starts and stops of lever movement. (a) Spike train rasters from three neurons showing low, middle and high correlation with forelimb movement. (b) Stripchart of 32-neuron NP function (N ...
Dysregulating Factors
... gene have been identified in a small subset of individuals with non-syndromatic autism, as well as some non-affected family members [15805158, 11496368]. It has been suggested that inactivation of PTEN leads to behavioral abnormalities seen in this disorder. It is of interest that inactivation of PT ...
... gene have been identified in a small subset of individuals with non-syndromatic autism, as well as some non-affected family members [15805158, 11496368]. It has been suggested that inactivation of PTEN leads to behavioral abnormalities seen in this disorder. It is of interest that inactivation of PT ...
The neural mechanisms of top- down attentional control
... role of inferior parietal cortex based L SPL on activity averaged across blocks of R SPL trials8,11,24,25, as well as work in animals26, but provides the first direct L postCG L postCG L preCG L preCG evidence that these regions of the inferior parietal lobule are specifiL SPL L SPL cally linked to ...
... role of inferior parietal cortex based L SPL on activity averaged across blocks of R SPL trials8,11,24,25, as well as work in animals26, but provides the first direct L postCG L postCG L preCG L preCG evidence that these regions of the inferior parietal lobule are specifiL SPL L SPL cally linked to ...
Excitatory Cerebellar Nucleocortical Circuit Provides Internal
... et al., 1999; Mostofi et al., 2010), we observed that nucleocortical MFs of these animals were found predominantly in regions negative for Zebrin II, including the trough of the lobule simplex (Figures 3A–3C). More specifically, we observed that 90.5% (±3.3%), 88.5% (±6.2%), and 93.7% (±2.8%) of the ...
... et al., 1999; Mostofi et al., 2010), we observed that nucleocortical MFs of these animals were found predominantly in regions negative for Zebrin II, including the trough of the lobule simplex (Figures 3A–3C). More specifically, we observed that 90.5% (±3.3%), 88.5% (±6.2%), and 93.7% (±2.8%) of the ...
Use of an Amino-Cupric-Silver Technique for the Detection of Early
... stored in fixative for 2-3 days. Good results, however, have been obtained in sections that have been postfixed for only 25 h or at the other extreme for 2-3 months in a refrigerator (4°C). The postfixation eventually suppresses normal fiber staining; at 24 h some normal fibers will be stained, whil ...
... stored in fixative for 2-3 days. Good results, however, have been obtained in sections that have been postfixed for only 25 h or at the other extreme for 2-3 months in a refrigerator (4°C). The postfixation eventually suppresses normal fiber staining; at 24 h some normal fibers will be stained, whil ...
Involvement of the Caudal Medulla in Negative Feedback
... neurons. These inhibitory effects induced by spatial summation of nociceptive inputs have been shown to involve a supraspinally mediated negative feedback loop. The aim of the present study was to determine the anatomic level of integration of these controls and hence to ascertain what relationships ...
... neurons. These inhibitory effects induced by spatial summation of nociceptive inputs have been shown to involve a supraspinally mediated negative feedback loop. The aim of the present study was to determine the anatomic level of integration of these controls and hence to ascertain what relationships ...
(Title 17, United States Code) governs the maki
... Although the relationship between hippocampal morphology and increased demands through spatial use has been demonstrated in numerous species, it still remains unknown what mechanism is responsible for this relationship. It has not been experimentally investigated whether variation is due to internal ...
... Although the relationship between hippocampal morphology and increased demands through spatial use has been demonstrated in numerous species, it still remains unknown what mechanism is responsible for this relationship. It has not been experimentally investigated whether variation is due to internal ...
Granger causality analysis of state dependent functional connectivity
... between those two types of degrees is that there is only a small fraction of neurons that show non-zero and high indegrees, while all neurons examined here have non-zero and small out-degrees. Thus, only in-degree hub neurons exist in this transition. Furthermore, those hub neurons dynamically chang ...
... between those two types of degrees is that there is only a small fraction of neurons that show non-zero and high indegrees, while all neurons examined here have non-zero and small out-degrees. Thus, only in-degree hub neurons exist in this transition. Furthermore, those hub neurons dynamically chang ...
Drug-activation of brain reward pathways
... serve as rewards and establish adaptive behavior patterns in higher animals. Such stimuli act through brain mechanisms that evolved long before the human invention of the hypodermic syringe, the human harnessing of fire, or the human development of methods for refining and concentrating psychoactive ...
... serve as rewards and establish adaptive behavior patterns in higher animals. Such stimuli act through brain mechanisms that evolved long before the human invention of the hypodermic syringe, the human harnessing of fire, or the human development of methods for refining and concentrating psychoactive ...
Corticosteroid–serotonin interactions in the
... only when a prolonged and sustained stimulation exceeds the body capacity to maintain homeostasis that stress can have psychopathological sequelae. Indeed, consequences of exposure to repeated stressors are multiple. After an acute reacting phase, long-term symptomatology emerges and encompasses anx ...
... only when a prolonged and sustained stimulation exceeds the body capacity to maintain homeostasis that stress can have psychopathological sequelae. Indeed, consequences of exposure to repeated stressors are multiple. After an acute reacting phase, long-term symptomatology emerges and encompasses anx ...
Post-pubertal Emergence of Prefrontal Cortical Up
... experiments, excitatory inputs arriving from other activated neurons contained in the slice were blocked by bath application of tetrodotoxin (TTX; Sigma, 0.05 lM) or CNQX (Sigma, 10 lM). To block protein kinase A activity, KT-5720 (Calbiochem, La Jolla, CA) was included in the bath solution. Both co ...
... experiments, excitatory inputs arriving from other activated neurons contained in the slice were blocked by bath application of tetrodotoxin (TTX; Sigma, 0.05 lM) or CNQX (Sigma, 10 lM). To block protein kinase A activity, KT-5720 (Calbiochem, La Jolla, CA) was included in the bath solution. Both co ...
Early Neural Patterning •Neural induction
... -The concentration of Shh that a ventral neuron encounters determines its identity -Highest dose of Shh at the ventral midline causes the differentiation of the specialised type of glial cells = floor plate ...
... -The concentration of Shh that a ventral neuron encounters determines its identity -Highest dose of Shh at the ventral midline causes the differentiation of the specialised type of glial cells = floor plate ...
Mental Set Alters Visibility of Moving Targets Mental Set
... the dots' direction of motion was unpredictable from one trial to the next. On half of the trials, the dots moved upward and on half they moved rightward; the two types of trials were mixed randomly. As before, the observer had only to identify the interval that contained the moving dots; no judgmen ...
... the dots' direction of motion was unpredictable from one trial to the next. On half of the trials, the dots moved upward and on half they moved rightward; the two types of trials were mixed randomly. As before, the observer had only to identify the interval that contained the moving dots; no judgmen ...
Brain Abnormalities in Murderers Indicated by
... Mirsky and Siegel 1994; Watson et al 1983a), while the thalamus also provides an important afferent source of the hypothalamic-induced attack in cats (Mirsky and Siegel 1994). Nevertheless, such research on animals and humans who have suffered brain insults, although of key importance, is one step r ...
... Mirsky and Siegel 1994; Watson et al 1983a), while the thalamus also provides an important afferent source of the hypothalamic-induced attack in cats (Mirsky and Siegel 1994). Nevertheless, such research on animals and humans who have suffered brain insults, although of key importance, is one step r ...
Cellular, synaptic and network effects of neuromodulation
... current is modulated by a neurotransmitter, there can be a non-straightforward relationship between modulation of that current and the neuron’s firing properties. This can occur because there is a non-trivial relationship between the maximal conductances found in a neuron and its intrinsic propertie ...
... current is modulated by a neurotransmitter, there can be a non-straightforward relationship between modulation of that current and the neuron’s firing properties. This can occur because there is a non-trivial relationship between the maximal conductances found in a neuron and its intrinsic propertie ...
Properties of spike train spectra in two parietal reach areas
... spatially tuned. These results provide evidence for the existence of ‘dynamic memory fields’ which can be readout by other brain areas, along with information contained in the mean firing rate, to give the direction of a planned movement. We looked for evidence of dynamic memory fields in spiking ac ...
... spatially tuned. These results provide evidence for the existence of ‘dynamic memory fields’ which can be readout by other brain areas, along with information contained in the mean firing rate, to give the direction of a planned movement. We looked for evidence of dynamic memory fields in spiking ac ...
The role of metabotropic glutamate receptors in Alzheimer`s disease
... their specific localization may affect intracellular signaling in each neuron and eventually determine not only the fate of those cells but the function of the central nervous system in specific pathological and physiological conditions. Selective degeneration of populations of vulnerable neurons in ...
... their specific localization may affect intracellular signaling in each neuron and eventually determine not only the fate of those cells but the function of the central nervous system in specific pathological and physiological conditions. Selective degeneration of populations of vulnerable neurons in ...