Spinal sympathetic interneurons: Their identification and roles after
... Figure 1 illustrates a case in which the first of these criteria was met. The 75 ms lag between bursts of ongoing activity of the interneuron and bursts of ongoing sympathetic nerve activity represents an aggregate conduction velocity of approximately 0.5 m/s, which is consistent with the expected co ...
... Figure 1 illustrates a case in which the first of these criteria was met. The 75 ms lag between bursts of ongoing activity of the interneuron and bursts of ongoing sympathetic nerve activity represents an aggregate conduction velocity of approximately 0.5 m/s, which is consistent with the expected co ...
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... (CNS) in rat and human specimens under physiological conditions [12]. Additionally, main thrombin regulatory factors such as FX, protease nexin-1 (PN-1), AT III and thrombin-activated receptors have been identified in these specimens, indicating a potential role of thrombin in the CNS [13]. Prothrom ...
... (CNS) in rat and human specimens under physiological conditions [12]. Additionally, main thrombin regulatory factors such as FX, protease nexin-1 (PN-1), AT III and thrombin-activated receptors have been identified in these specimens, indicating a potential role of thrombin in the CNS [13]. Prothrom ...
Prefrontal Projections to the Thalamic Reticular Nucleus
... Most labeled boutons from prefrontal axons were small, but a second class of large boutons was also prominent. This is in contrast to the homogeneous small TRN terminations from sensory cortices noted previously and in the present study, which are thought to arise exclusively from layer VI. The two ...
... Most labeled boutons from prefrontal axons were small, but a second class of large boutons was also prominent. This is in contrast to the homogeneous small TRN terminations from sensory cortices noted previously and in the present study, which are thought to arise exclusively from layer VI. The two ...
Mechanisms of axon degeneration: From development to disease
... Recent mechanistic studies of axon degeneration have highlighted how this is an active process of controlled axon self-destruction similar in many ways to the active selfdestruction of cells during apoptosis (Coleman, 2005; Low and Cheng, 2005; Luo and O’Leary, 2005; Raff et al., 2002). Although the ...
... Recent mechanistic studies of axon degeneration have highlighted how this is an active process of controlled axon self-destruction similar in many ways to the active selfdestruction of cells during apoptosis (Coleman, 2005; Low and Cheng, 2005; Luo and O’Leary, 2005; Raff et al., 2002). Although the ...
Limbic systems for emotion and for memory, but no
... many steps ahead, and for example deferring short-term rewards in order to execute a long-term plan. This system may use syntactic processing to perform the planning, and is therefore part of a linguistic system which performs explicit (conscious) processing, as described more fully elsewhere (Rolls ...
... many steps ahead, and for example deferring short-term rewards in order to execute a long-term plan. This system may use syntactic processing to perform the planning, and is therefore part of a linguistic system which performs explicit (conscious) processing, as described more fully elsewhere (Rolls ...
Mechanisms of gustatory coding in Spodoptera littoralis
... Taste is one of the fundamental senses by which animals can detect food sources (sugars, salts, lipids, amino acids) but also noxious compounds dissolved in aqueous solution or adsorbed on surfaces (leaf, cuticle). Unlike olfaction, where only cephalic organs are involved in the detection of volatil ...
... Taste is one of the fundamental senses by which animals can detect food sources (sugars, salts, lipids, amino acids) but also noxious compounds dissolved in aqueous solution or adsorbed on surfaces (leaf, cuticle). Unlike olfaction, where only cephalic organs are involved in the detection of volatil ...
Muscle tone regulation during REM sleep
... vlPAG-LPT and SLD in rats (Lu et al., 2006). As the vlPAG-LPT GABAergic neurons project to the cLDT-SLD, and GABAergic neurons in the cLDTSLD express cFos following enhanced REM sleep, we proposed that these two neuronal populations inhibit each other, and that this mutual inhibition produces state ...
... vlPAG-LPT and SLD in rats (Lu et al., 2006). As the vlPAG-LPT GABAergic neurons project to the cLDT-SLD, and GABAergic neurons in the cLDTSLD express cFos following enhanced REM sleep, we proposed that these two neuronal populations inhibit each other, and that this mutual inhibition produces state ...
Relating normalization to neuronal populations across cortical areas
... neurons recorded on nearby electrodes tended to exhibit similar amounts of normalization. Together, our results suggest that normalization reflects a neuron’s role in its local network and that modulatory factors like normalization share the topographic organization typical of sensory tuning propert ...
... neurons recorded on nearby electrodes tended to exhibit similar amounts of normalization. Together, our results suggest that normalization reflects a neuron’s role in its local network and that modulatory factors like normalization share the topographic organization typical of sensory tuning propert ...
Neural mechanism of rapid eye movement sleep generation
... 400 BC-200 BC), classification of such a sleep state on the basis of objective electrophysiological criteria was made possible only in the mid-twentieth century. The period following the discovery of REM sleep was marked by an ever-increasing interest in the subject. However, it was in the mid-1960s ...
... 400 BC-200 BC), classification of such a sleep state on the basis of objective electrophysiological criteria was made possible only in the mid-twentieth century. The period following the discovery of REM sleep was marked by an ever-increasing interest in the subject. However, it was in the mid-1960s ...
Functional Microarchitecture of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... more clustered than would be expected from a random distribution. However, preferred phase, direction selectivity, relative modulation (F1/DC), and spatial frequency preference and tuning width showed no such clustering. By investigating the temporal patterns of neighbouring neurons in response to m ...
... more clustered than would be expected from a random distribution. However, preferred phase, direction selectivity, relative modulation (F1/DC), and spatial frequency preference and tuning width showed no such clustering. By investigating the temporal patterns of neighbouring neurons in response to m ...
The Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Projection
... together with alternative splicing of noncoding exons from the ChAT gene (Misawa et al., 1994). These different forms of ChAT mRNAs, all containing the same coding regions, differ only in their 5’ noncoding end and encode the same ChAT protein. There are pronounced differences in the relative expres ...
... together with alternative splicing of noncoding exons from the ChAT gene (Misawa et al., 1994). These different forms of ChAT mRNAs, all containing the same coding regions, differ only in their 5’ noncoding end and encode the same ChAT protein. There are pronounced differences in the relative expres ...
The basal forebrain cholinergic projection system in mice. In
... together with alternative splicing of noncoding exons from the ChAT gene (Misawa et al., 1994). These different forms of ChAT mRNAs, all containing the same coding regions, differ only in their 5’ noncoding end and encode the same ChAT protein. There are pronounced differences in the relative expres ...
... together with alternative splicing of noncoding exons from the ChAT gene (Misawa et al., 1994). These different forms of ChAT mRNAs, all containing the same coding regions, differ only in their 5’ noncoding end and encode the same ChAT protein. There are pronounced differences in the relative expres ...
A role for subplate neurons in the patterning of
... cortical targets. The selection of an appropriate target is first evident even before thalamic axons grow into the cortical plate: initially axons accumulate and wait below their cortical target area in a zone called the subplate. This zone also contains the first postmitotic neurons of the cerebral ...
... cortical targets. The selection of an appropriate target is first evident even before thalamic axons grow into the cortical plate: initially axons accumulate and wait below their cortical target area in a zone called the subplate. This zone also contains the first postmitotic neurons of the cerebral ...
Limbic structures, emotion, and memory
... Tier 2 is that any learning in Tier 2 of the value of an object or face seen in one location on the retina, size, and view will generalize to other views etc. In rodents, there is no such clear separation of “what” from “value” representations. For example, in the taste system, satiety influences tas ...
... Tier 2 is that any learning in Tier 2 of the value of an object or face seen in one location on the retina, size, and view will generalize to other views etc. In rodents, there is no such clear separation of “what” from “value” representations. For example, in the taste system, satiety influences tas ...
Electroencephalography - Department of Computational and
... fMRI have time resolution between seconds and minutes. EEG measures the brain's electrical activity directly, while other methods record changes in blood flow (e.g., SPECT, fMRI) or metabolic activity (e.g., PET), which are indirect markers of brain electrical activity. EEG can be used simultaneousl ...
... fMRI have time resolution between seconds and minutes. EEG measures the brain's electrical activity directly, while other methods record changes in blood flow (e.g., SPECT, fMRI) or metabolic activity (e.g., PET), which are indirect markers of brain electrical activity. EEG can be used simultaneousl ...
NIH Public Access
... transition. A number of cyclosporine A analogues have been developed that are more potent against the permeability transition while being less active as immuno-suppressants and calcineurin inhibitors [48-51] and can therefore provide less ambiguous information on the permeability transition in intac ...
... transition. A number of cyclosporine A analogues have been developed that are more potent against the permeability transition while being less active as immuno-suppressants and calcineurin inhibitors [48-51] and can therefore provide less ambiguous information on the permeability transition in intac ...
Why We Sleep: The Temporal Organization of
... (A) Wakefulness. During wakefulness, monoaminergic, hypocretinergic, and cholinergic systems are active and contribute to EEG desynchronization through thalamic and cortical projections. Hypocretin cells excite monoaminergic cells, and possibly cholinergic neurons (the net effect on cholinergic neur ...
... (A) Wakefulness. During wakefulness, monoaminergic, hypocretinergic, and cholinergic systems are active and contribute to EEG desynchronization through thalamic and cortical projections. Hypocretin cells excite monoaminergic cells, and possibly cholinergic neurons (the net effect on cholinergic neur ...
Sleep duration varies as a function of glutamate and GABA in rat
... The oral part of the pontine reticular formation (PnO) is a component of the ascending reticular activating system and plays a role in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. The PnO receives glutamatergic and GABAergic projections from many brain regions that regulate behavioral state. Indirect, p ...
... The oral part of the pontine reticular formation (PnO) is a component of the ascending reticular activating system and plays a role in the regulation of sleep and wakefulness. The PnO receives glutamatergic and GABAergic projections from many brain regions that regulate behavioral state. Indirect, p ...
The Locus Ceruleus Responds to Signaling Molecules Obtained
... axonal pathway from the eye to the LoC involves axo-axonic transfer of NGF with receptor switching (p75 to trkA) in the optic tectum. In addition to the axonal pathway, the LoC of chick embryos has privileged access to the CSF through a specialized glial/ependymal cell type, the tanycyte. The avian ...
... axonal pathway from the eye to the LoC involves axo-axonic transfer of NGF with receptor switching (p75 to trkA) in the optic tectum. In addition to the axonal pathway, the LoC of chick embryos has privileged access to the CSF through a specialized glial/ependymal cell type, the tanycyte. The avian ...
Dorsal Anterior Cingulate Cortex: A Bottom-Up View
... Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2016.39. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Access provided by University of Rochester Library on 04/20/16. For personal use only. ...
... Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 2016.39. Downloaded from www.annualreviews.org Access provided by University of Rochester Library on 04/20/16. For personal use only. ...
- Wiley Online Library
... Figure 1. Location and phenotype of RTN neurons A, transverse section through the caudal end of the facial motor nucleus (FN, Sprague–Dawley adult rat; bregma −11.6 mm; myelin stain; scale 500 µm). Box showing approximate location of retrotrapezoid nucleus. B, RTN identified as Phox2b-immunoreactive ...
... Figure 1. Location and phenotype of RTN neurons A, transverse section through the caudal end of the facial motor nucleus (FN, Sprague–Dawley adult rat; bregma −11.6 mm; myelin stain; scale 500 µm). Box showing approximate location of retrotrapezoid nucleus. B, RTN identified as Phox2b-immunoreactive ...
Neurological characterization of mice deficient in GSK3α highlight
... recombined GSK3α alleles without the Cre-recombinase, confirming that we had produced a mouse strain that lacked active GSK3α genes completely (Figure 1A). We hereby confirmed independently, the viability of mice with total GSK3α deficiency [21]. We denote the totally deficient mice as GSK3α.KO, to ...
... recombined GSK3α alleles without the Cre-recombinase, confirming that we had produced a mouse strain that lacked active GSK3α genes completely (Figure 1A). We hereby confirmed independently, the viability of mice with total GSK3α deficiency [21]. We denote the totally deficient mice as GSK3α.KO, to ...
Graziano's CV
... single neuron firing in the macaque motor cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 27: 2760-2780. Aflalo TN and Graziano MSA (2006) Possible origins of the complex topographic organization of motor cortex: reduction of a multidimensional space onto a 2-dimensional array. Journal of Neuroscience, 26: 6288-62 ...
... single neuron firing in the macaque motor cortex. Journal of Neuroscience, 27: 2760-2780. Aflalo TN and Graziano MSA (2006) Possible origins of the complex topographic organization of motor cortex: reduction of a multidimensional space onto a 2-dimensional array. Journal of Neuroscience, 26: 6288-62 ...
Changes in Resting-State Functional Connectivity Following Delay
... dissertation committee, Dr. Ira Driscol, Dr. Anthony Greene, Dr. Deborah Hannula, and Dr. Christine Larson or advice and valuable feedback. I would also like to thank the American Psychological Association for a dissertation research award that helped fund portions of this project. ...
... dissertation committee, Dr. Ira Driscol, Dr. Anthony Greene, Dr. Deborah Hannula, and Dr. Christine Larson or advice and valuable feedback. I would also like to thank the American Psychological Association for a dissertation research award that helped fund portions of this project. ...
FLRT proteins act as guidance cues for migrating cortical interneurons
... 5.1 Effects of FLRT2 and FLRT3 ablation in the cortical interneurons migration through the SP stream ...................................................................................... 148 5.2 Regulation of the interneurons migration through the SP stream .............. 152 5.3 Late developomenta ...
... 5.1 Effects of FLRT2 and FLRT3 ablation in the cortical interneurons migration through the SP stream ...................................................................................... 148 5.2 Regulation of the interneurons migration through the SP stream .............. 152 5.3 Late developomenta ...