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Advanced biomaterial strategies to transplant preformed micro
Advanced biomaterial strategies to transplant preformed micro

... physically reconstruct long axonal tracts while restoring neuronal populations, relying only on local plasticity for synaptic integration to form a new functional relay across damaged connections (figure 1). As highlighted in a recent review article, there are several other methods to develop neurona ...
AP2B Ch 14 ANS 2015
AP2B Ch 14 ANS 2015

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Quantitative assessment of neurite outgrowth in human
Quantitative assessment of neurite outgrowth in human

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The sacral autonomic outflow is sympathetic
The sacral autonomic outflow is sympathetic

... ganglia. Parasympathetic ganglia, unlike sympathetic ones, arise through the migration of Sox10+/Phox2b+ Schwann cell precursors along their future preganglionic nerve to the site of ganglion formation and do not form if these nerves are absent24,25. At E11.5, the lumbosacral plexus, that gives rise ...
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12-4 Membrane Potential

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Morphomechanics: transforming tubes into organs
Morphomechanics: transforming tubes into organs

... This is not the full story, however; multiple redundant mechanisms also may be involved in torsion. For example, some data suggest that asymmetric cell proliferation in the dorsal mesocardium determines looping direction, as cells normally divide faster on the left side of this structure and push th ...
Slide 1
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Zebrafish primary neurons initiate expression of the

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Leap 2 - Entire - Teacher Enrichment Initiatives
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the physiology of a lepidopteran muscle receptor
the physiology of a lepidopteran muscle receptor

... resting potential were not made, but from the change in potential on removing the electrode from its intracellular location, it was estimated that most action potentials overshot zero potential by about 3-6 mV. Records taken from muscles in the segments adjacent to the stretched MRO revealed that ma ...
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internal structure of the brain stem
internal structure of the brain stem

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Lecture 3 NS_2015

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Fundamentals on Peripheral Nerves
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... Although there are many different ways of classifying nerve fibers, in this course we will use only a very simple method based primarily on the direction of impulse transmission. Fundamentally, nerve fibers can be divided into AFFERENT FIBERS which conduct impulses toward the central nervous system ...
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Sense Organs

... 2. Location is also encoded by which nerve fibers are firing. A sensory neuron receives input from an area called its receptive field. The brain’s ability to determine the location of a stimulus depends on the size of this field. In tactile (touch) neurons, for example, a receptive field on one’s ba ...
On acute gene expression changes after ventral root replantation
On acute gene expression changes after ventral root replantation

... biological themes, including pathways. The Enrichment score is based on the mean value of the −log of the p-values (EASEscore) for the members in that cluster. A cut-off value of 2.0 was used, which corresponds to a p-value <0.01. Thus, a higher Enrichment score value indicates a low p-value and the ...
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B. trigeminal nerve

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Production of nerve growth factor by
Production of nerve growth factor by

... (Crutcher et al., 1993; Scott et al., 1995; Fahnestock et al., 1996; Hock et al., 2000). Moreover, the expression of NGF receptors in neurons from cortex, hippocampus, and forebrain nucleus basalis is altered in AD. TrkA expression is reduced in early and late stages of AD (Boissiere et al., 1997; M ...
PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY B.Sc. Counselling Psychology
PHYSIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY B.Sc. Counselling Psychology

... depth or distance in vision. Both processes involve spatial aspects of sensory input. Many features contribute to auditory localization of which the following are most important: Having two ears In the same way that having two eyes allows for greater visual abilities through stereoscopic vision, so ...
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Neuroregeneration

Neuroregeneration refers to the regrowth or repair of nervous tissues, cells or cell products. Such mechanisms may include generation of new neurons, glia, axons, myelin, or synapses. Neuroregeneration differs between the peripheral nervous system (PNS) and the central nervous system (CNS) by the functional mechanisms and especially the extent and speed. When an axon is damaged, the distal segment undergoes Wallerian degeneration, losing its myelin sheath. The proximal segment can either die by apoptosis or undergo the chromatolytic reaction, which is an attempt at repair. In the CNS, synaptic stripping occurs as glial foot processes invade the dead synapse.Nervous system injuries affect over 90,000 people every year. It is estimated that spinal cord injuries alone affect 10,000 each year. As a result of this high incidence of neurological injuries, nerve regeneration and repair, a subfield of neural tissue engineering, is becoming a rapidly growing field dedicated to the discovery of new ways to recover nerve functionality after injury. The nervous system is divided into two parts: the central nervous system, which consists of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, which consists of cranial and spinal nerves along with their associated ganglia. While the peripheral nervous system has an intrinsic ability for repair and regeneration, the central nervous system is, for the most part, incapable of self-repair and regeneration. There is currently no treatment for recovering human nerve function after injury to the central nervous system. In addition, multiple attempts at nerve re-growth across the PNS-CNS transition have not been successful. There is simply not enough knowledge about regeneration in the central nervous system. In addition, although the peripheral nervous system has the capability for regeneration, much research still needs to be done to optimize the environment for maximum regrowth potential. Neuroregeneration is important clinically, as it is part of the pathogenesis of many diseases, including multiple sclerosis.
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