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Optics: Reflection and Refraction
... Preparation of water tank: Fill tank 3/4 to 4/5 full with cold water. Use the lid of the bottle that contains the scattering agent (milky looking liquid) to add a small amount (1/4 of a lid is sufficient) of the scattering agent to the water in the tank and mix until dissolved. Do not add too much o ...
... Preparation of water tank: Fill tank 3/4 to 4/5 full with cold water. Use the lid of the bottle that contains the scattering agent (milky looking liquid) to add a small amount (1/4 of a lid is sufficient) of the scattering agent to the water in the tank and mix until dissolved. Do not add too much o ...
Development of proper microbiological technique for experimentation Vibrio fischeri
... weight are the phase of growth in which the bacteria are frozen, the percentage of glycerol concentrated in the frozen solution, and the rate at which the stocks are frozen. Ideally the bacteria should be in late exponential phase growth, and suspended in 30% glycerol, 70% photobacterium broth solut ...
... weight are the phase of growth in which the bacteria are frozen, the percentage of glycerol concentrated in the frozen solution, and the rate at which the stocks are frozen. Ideally the bacteria should be in late exponential phase growth, and suspended in 30% glycerol, 70% photobacterium broth solut ...
EMR notes
... be picked up by the viewing instrument, the eight-sided mirror had to rotate exactly one side (1/8), two sides (2/8), etc, of a revolution while the light travelled from one mirror to the other and back. Knowing the speed of rotation of the eight-sided mirror, the speed of light could be calculated. ...
... be picked up by the viewing instrument, the eight-sided mirror had to rotate exactly one side (1/8), two sides (2/8), etc, of a revolution while the light travelled from one mirror to the other and back. Knowing the speed of rotation of the eight-sided mirror, the speed of light could be calculated. ...
of refraction
... lines. We represent light using rays, which are straight lines emanating from an object. This is an idealization, but is very useful for geometric optics. ...
... lines. We represent light using rays, which are straight lines emanating from an object. This is an idealization, but is very useful for geometric optics. ...
5 December 2012 Atmospheric Phenomena Professor Carolin
... Sun above the horizon appears very briefly as a vivid and unmistakable flash of green light. The ‘green flash’ typically only lasts for about a second, is easily seen with the unaided eye. It can also be observed in the first sliver of light at sunrise, but it’s much more difficult to observe this a ...
... Sun above the horizon appears very briefly as a vivid and unmistakable flash of green light. The ‘green flash’ typically only lasts for about a second, is easily seen with the unaided eye. It can also be observed in the first sliver of light at sunrise, but it’s much more difficult to observe this a ...
Chapter 13 ppt.
... • Like prisms, rain droplets also refract light. • The refraction of the different wavelengths can cause white light from the Sun to separate into the individual colors of visible light. ...
... • Like prisms, rain droplets also refract light. • The refraction of the different wavelengths can cause white light from the Sun to separate into the individual colors of visible light. ...
Presentation Lesson 24 Reflection and Refraction
... reflected back into the water • Parts of the rays that arrive at the lower surface of the drop are refracted into the air • This refraction is similar to prism, where refraction at the surface increases dispersion already produced at the other surface • This twice-refracted, once-reflected light is ...
... reflected back into the water • Parts of the rays that arrive at the lower surface of the drop are refracted into the air • This refraction is similar to prism, where refraction at the surface increases dispersion already produced at the other surface • This twice-refracted, once-reflected light is ...
Basic Optics
... inventions and research topics. Mechanical engineers in particular are currently working on optical methods for measuring fluid and gas properties, measuring mechanical stresses, and manufacturing techniques. In order to understand these new developments, a basic understanding of light and light pro ...
... inventions and research topics. Mechanical engineers in particular are currently working on optical methods for measuring fluid and gas properties, measuring mechanical stresses, and manufacturing techniques. In order to understand these new developments, a basic understanding of light and light pro ...
Bioluminescence
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Photinus_pyralis_Firefly_glowing.jpg?width=300)
Bioluminescence is the production and emission of light by a living organism. It is a form of chemiluminescence. Bioluminescence occurs widely in marine vertebrates and invertebrates, as well as in some fungi, microorganisms including some bioluminescent bacteria and terrestrial invertebrates such as fireflies. In some animals, the light is produced by symbiotic organisms such as Vibrio bacteria.The principal chemical reaction in bioluminescence involves the light-emitting pigment luciferin and the enzyme luciferase, assisted by other proteins such as aequorin in some species. The enzyme catalyzes the oxidation of luciferin. In some species, the type of luciferin requires cofactors such as calcium or magnesium ions, and sometimes also the energy-carrying molecule adenosine triphosphate (ATP). In evolution, luciferins vary little: one in particular, coelenterazine, is found in nine different animal (phyla), though in some of these, the animals obtain it through their diet. Conversely, luciferases vary widely in different species. Bioluminescence has arisen over forty times in evolutionary history.Both Aristotle and Pliny the Elder mentioned that damp wood sometimes gives off a glow and many centuries later Robert Boyle showed that oxygen was involved in the process, both in wood and in glow-worms. It was not until the late nineteenth century that bioluminescence was properly investigated. The phenomenon is widely distributed among animal groups, especially in marine environments where dinoflagellates cause phosphorescence in the surface layers of water. On land it occurs in fungi, bacteria and some groups of invertebrates, including insects.The uses of bioluminescence by animals include counter-illumination camouflage, mimicry of other animals, for example to lure prey, and signalling to other individuals of the same species, such as to attract mates. In the laboratory, luciferase-based systems are used in genetic engineering and for biomedical research. Other researchers are investigating the possibility of using bioluminescent systems for street and decorative lighting, and a bioluminescent plant has been created.